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課程名稱︰性格心理學
課程性質︰必修
課程教師︰葉光輝
開課學院：理學院
開課系所︰心理系
考試日期（年月日）︰2007/11/13
考試時限（分鐘）：09:30~11:00
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試題 :
D卷 選擇題(共60題，滿分120分)
1.Within the Rogerian framework,the neurotic person is a person
a.whose psychic energy is released indirectly through pathological behavior
because direct expression of needs and drives would be too threatening to
the self.
b.whose self-concept reflects nothing more than his organismic experience.
c.whose self-concept does not reflects accurately organismic experience.
d.both (a) and (b).
2.Improvement in client-centered therapy has been found to be associated with
a.stronger defenses.
b.healthier reflected appraisals.
c.lower self-ideal discrepancies.
d.all of the above.
3.The ability of the therapist to comprehend the phenomenal field of the
patient is associated with the concept of
a.congruence.
b.unconditional positive regard.
c.empathic understanding.
d.reflected appraisal.
4.In a study by Tugade and Fredrickson(2004),it was found that people who
experienced ____ emotions during a stressful event experienced ____ stress.
a.positive;less
b.fewer;less
c.positive;more
d.fewer;more
5.Existential therapy places emphasis on
a.finding meaning in life.
b.accepting freedom.
c.accepting responsibility.
d.all of the above.
6.Work on contingencies of self-worth indicates that people's self-esteem
a.is inherited.
b.is stable,or unchanging
c.fluctuates.
d.is unaffected by everyday life events.
7.Frankl's mehtod of therapy was known as
a.gestalt therapy.
b.guten therapy.
c.logotherapy.
d.behavior therapy.
8.Of the following arguments, which is least likely to have come from those
who identify themselves as positive psychologists?
a.Freud placed too much emphasis on psychopathology and psychological distress
b.Rogers's and Maslow's emphasis on human potentials provided good models for
psychological theorizing.
c.The result of Freud having based his theory on his clinical work is that
current psychological theories overemphasize human potentials.
d.To bring attention to the positive side of human nature would be to fill in
an overly wide gap in our current understanding of individuals.
9.Which of the following concepts is illustrated by the quote, " I became
completely 'lost' in what I was doing, unware of time, other obligations,
or other people"?
a.Existentialism.
b.Broadening.
c.Resilience.
d.Flow.
10.According to terror management theory, what factor(s) buffer(s) individuals
against the anxiety associated with the inevitability of death?
a.social and cultural institutions that furnish meaning in life.
b.unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.
c.contents of the collective unconscious, including the self archetype.
d.the belief that existence precedes essence.
11.The text emphasizes that a big difference between intuitive theories about
people and scientific theories of personality is that the personality
scientist must
a.engage in scientific observation.
b.interrelate concepts about people systematically.
c.provide ideas that are testable.
d.all of the above.
12.The role of genetic factors in personality is most clearly seen in
a.temperament.
b.beliefs and values.
c.career choice.
d.cognitive style.
13.According to the text, theories serve to
a.establish truth and separate it from fiction.
b.organize the known and suggest new relationships to found.
c.fit individuals into defined categories.
d.disprove other theories.
14.Regarding the question of whether individual differences in personality are
stable over time, it can be said that
a.research shows that such differences are not stable.
b.research shows that such differences are stable.
c.research on the topic is inconclusive.
d.little or no research has explored this difficult topic.
15.The concept of band-width relates to the
a.range of phenomena covered by a theory.
b.focus of applicability of a theory.
c.parsimony of a theory.
d.all of the above.
16.The concept of fidelity relates to the
a.faithfulness of a theory.
b.integrity of the theorist.
c.focus of convenience of a theory.
d.range of convenience of a theory.
17.According to the "toolkit" metaphor, on what basis should we evaluate
theories of personality?
a.according to whether they're correct of the time; for instance, of 100
empirical studies that use the theory to explain a phenomenon, more than
half should "work."
b.according to what they can accomplish with them, to what advantages they
have over other theories, and to what "tools" could be added or subtracted
to make them better.
c.according to how they've been around, to how many times they've been used to
explain phenomena, and to how many textbooks in which they appear.
d.according to whether they have "intuitive appeal"-- that is , some theories
make so much sense when one hears about them, that even in the absence of
data, one can sense their value.
18.The more stable aspects of the person's functioning and more fluid,
changing aspects are covered by the concepts of
a.growth and development.
b.process and motive.
c.motive and development.
d.structure and process.
19.An important aspect of cultural influences on personality is that
a.often we are unaware of the influence.
b.we can always evaluate its influence.
c.it is the same for all individuals.
d.it is only important for a few aspects of our functioning.
20.The text suggests that relative to the shared environment of siblings, the
nonshared environment may be
a.of lesser significance.
b.of greater significance.
c.of equal significance.
d.the relative importance cannot be determined.
21.The text emphasizes that:
a.theory and research are separate endeavors.
b.one cannot have "theory-free research" because theory inevitably informs
research procedures.
c.to get a good theory , one first must engage in theory-free research, with
the research findings being used to generate a theory.
d.the measures used to assess personality, in doing personality research,
generally are, and should be, theory-free.
22.In clinical research
a.many variables can be considered at one time.
b.behavior can be observed naturally.
c.verbal reports can be used.
d.all of the above.
23.The effort to gain control over the variables of interest and establish if-
then causal relationships is descriptive of which approach to research?
a.correlational.
b.clinical.
c.naturalistic observation.
d.experimental.
24.In comparison with case studies, correlational research typically
a.involves the study of a few individuals.
b.involves quantitative relationships.
c.involves interest in cause-effect relationships.
d.all of the above.
25.Rating of an individual made by parents, friends, or teachers are an
example of ____ data.
a.L-data.
b.O-data.
c.T-data.
d.S-data.
26.To obtain a detailed portrait of an individual, it would be best to use a(n)
____ method.
a.experimental
b.correlational
c.idiographic
d.nomothetic
27.The question of whether different items on a test correlate with one
another is a question of
a.validity.
b.construct validity.
c.internal reliability.
d.test-retest reliability.
28.Experimenter expectancy effects represent
a.an unintended source of error.
b.an intended influence on subject behavior.
c.a contribution toward greater reliability.
d.a contribution toward greater validity.
29.Cues which are implicit in an experimental setting and which influence a
subject's behavior are known as
a.demand characteristics.
b.experimental variables.
c.experimenter bias.
d.response sets.
30.The question of whether a test really measures a psychological quality of
interest is a question of
a.ethics.
b.construct validity.
c.internal reliability.
d.test-retest reliability.
31.An early influence on the development of Freud's process model of dynamic
functioning was
a.Brucke's physiological model.
b.Einstein's physics model.
c.Charcot's model for hysteria.
d.all of the above.
32.Which concept expresses a release of emotion following talking about one's
problems?
a.catharsis.
b.free association.
c.transference neurosis.
d.dream interpretation.
33.Freud sees society as
a.frustrating a person's basic desires.
b.necessary for happiness.
c.prohibiting any gratification.
d.conflicting with demands of the ego.
34.The evidence concerning the relationship between early experiences and
adult personality suggests that
a.early experience shapes adult personality.
b.adult personality is independent of early experience.
c.early experience is critical for the development of sex-role differences.
d.later experience can reshape much of what has been formed earlier.
35.Contemporary research in psychology demonstrates that
a.there is no unconscious.
b.Freud's ideas about the unconscious were fundamentally correct.
c.unconscious processes are actually conscious.
d.unconscious processes exist but often differ from Freud's depictions of them.
36.The preconscious differs from the unconscious in that
a.the preconscious relates to phenomena we are able to be aware of if we
attend to them.
b.the preconscious relates to phenomena we cannot be aware of.
c.the preconscious relates to phenomena before they happen.
d.there is no difference.
37.Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the "Reality Principle" and the "
Pleasure Principle" operate together in the following manner:
a.they are constantly opposed to each other.
b.they work "hand-in-hand" together.
c.when the "reality principle" is operative the "pleasure principle" is
repressed.
d.when the "reality principle" is functioning, the functions of the "pleasure
principle" are temporarily suspended.
38.Which of the following defense mechanisms involves replacement of the
original object of gratification with a higher cultural goal?
a.repression.
b.sublimation.
c.denial.
d.reaction-formation.
39.The correct order of progression through Freud's stages of psychosexual
development is
a.anal-oral-genital-latency-phallic.
b.oral-anal-genital-latency-phallic.
c.oral-anal-phallic-latency-genital.
d.oral-phallic-anal-latency-genital.
40.Which of the following is not a significant component of Erikson's psycho-
social theory of development?
a.emphasized interpersonal processes.
b.emphasized stages over the life span.
c.emphasized the future as well as the past.
d.emphasized the "collective unconscious."
41.Projective methods often are seen as valuable in
a.identifying single parts of the personality.
b.offering insight into the private world of meaning.
c.characterizing the conscious processes of the individual.
d.all of the above.
42.The character type possessing the characteristics of being demanding,envious
, and impatient
a.oral.
b.anal.
c.phallic.
d.genital.
43.According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology
is
a.an excessive amount of drive or libido.
b.conflict between wish and anxiety.
c.an inadequate amount of guilt.
d.conflict between competing sources of external stimuli.
44.According to psychoanalytic theory, in regression there is a return to
a.the womb.
b.nirvana.
c.an earlier point of fixation.
d.an earlier point of loss.
45.In psychoanalysis, which of the following involves the reenactment of old
conflicts?
a.transference neurosis.
b.fixation.
c.repression.
d.catharsis.
46.The "will to power" refers to
a.the neurotic drive to "move against."
b.striving for superiority.
c.oedipal competition with the father.
d.preoccupation with controlling defecation.
47.A person who deals with basic anxiety by being very dependent on others
would be illustrative of
a.the moving toward neurotic trend.
b.the anal character type.
c.compensatory strivings.
d.the as-if personality.
48.According to object relations theory, people are
a.relationship seeking.
b.pleasure seeking.
c.tension reduction seeking.
d.all of the above.
49.The narcissistic personality type
a.is in love with the self.
b.is vulnerable to blows to self-esteem.
c.feels others are entitled to things.
d.all of the above.
50.Jung emphasized the struggles individuals have with various opposing forces
within them.What does he suggest, then, is all individuals' fundamental
personal task?
a.to further diversify these various opposing forces.
b.to integrate these various opposing forces.
c.to exorcise these various opposing forces.
d.to sublimate these various opposing forces.
51.Two main trends seen throughout Rogers' life are
a.a concern with the subjective-experiential and the objective-scientific.
b.concern with religion and philosophy.
c.concern with individuals and media.
d.concern with the correlational approach and the construct validity approach.
52.Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?
a.Q-sort.
b.semantic differential.
c.adjective checklist.
d.MMPI.
53.The Q-sort can be used as a quantitative measure of
a.the difference in meaning between two concepts.
b.the independence of various motives.
c.anxiety associated with incongruence.
d.depression associated with incongruence.
54.Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the
meaning of concepts?
a.Q-data.
b.Q-sort.
c.adjective checklist.
d.semantic differential.
55.Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the develop-
ment of self-esteem in children?
a.degree of acceptance.
b.amount of education.
c.permissiveness and punishments.
d.democratic practices.
56.Within the framework of the Rogerian theory of personality, the "self" is
the most important structural concept. In short, the "self" is
a.those particular parts of an individual's phenomenal field which relate to
the individual.
b.the total system of events which make up the individual's life.
c.the perceptions and meanings which are potentially relevant to the
individual and which are highly valued by the individual.
d.all of the above.
57.Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of
a.subception.
b.denial.
c.incongruence.
d.the need for positive regard from others.
58.Freud's concept of the superego might be related to Rogers' concept of
a.self-actualization.
b.subception.
c.need for positive regard.
d.defense.
59.One way in which people maintain a self-concept is through
a.being hostile to others.
b.a self-fulfilling prophecy.
c.manipulating others through guilt.
d.dreams.
60.With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child's
development, it has been found that
a.there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations
a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
b.the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his
perception of his parents' feeling about him.
c.children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual develop-
ment.
d.children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their
needs.
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