A. surface and X-ray

1. explain the needs of sample coating and high vacuum of SEM.

2. describe and explain the advantage and disadvantage between SEM and electron
   probe micro analyzer.

3. in EM, explain that field emission gun is better than thermo ionic electron
   gun.

4. explain that the fabrication of STM tips may or may not be complex

5. describe the difference between contact and non-contact mode in terms of the
   operational principle, merits and pitfall.

6. explain that XPS (x-ray photoelectron) is also named ESCA
   (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis)

7. explain that monochromator may not be needed in XRF system.

8. explain the reason that photon counting can be used in XRF

9. explain that semiconductor detector is often used in EDS but not WDS.

10. describe the instrument setup and operational principle of powder XRD

B. mass

1. in comparison with FID, explain the advantage of using MS as the detector
   in the analysis of analytes in a not very complex mixture.

2. in comparison with FID, explain the advantage  of using MS as the detector
   in the analysis of analytes in a complex mixture.

3. explain the utility of using isotope ratio mass spectrometry in anti-doping

4. explain the reason of using high resolution mass spectrometer or MS/MS
   in trace analysis

5. explain the 2 major advantages of using TOF(in comparison with quadruple)
   as the second mass spectrometer in proteomics

6. for an ideal mass spectrometer, explain that the resolution should increase
   with the m/z values

7. for a molecule with a N atom, explain the mechanism for producing fragment
   ions with odd m/z value.

8. explain the importance of ESI in proteomic research

9. explain the importance of ESI in the analysis of intact protein

10. describe the 2 common calibration techniques used in quantitative analysis
    if ESI us used as the ionization method

11. explain the term "duty cycle" in a Q/TOF instrument

12. explain that delay extraction can improve the resolution of a TOF
    instrument

c.NMR

1. explain the importance of FT-NMR for the developement of 2D NMR

2. explain the importance of "locking" in NMR experiment

3. explain the term "spin-spin relaxation"