1.the modern discovery which disrupted the orginal central dogma is that flow
of genetic information is: replication transcription translation

2.what is the requirement for a template strand in DNA replication?
a.it serves as a guide in determining the next nucleotide to be
added according to the watson crick base pairing scheme.
b.it serves as the start point for the new DNA strand
c.it allows the DNA polymerase to move along it easily
d.it's a subsrate for the 3'-5' exonuclease activity.

3.all the following describe the general mechanism of DNA synthesis except
a.one strand is made 5'->3' while the other strand is made 3'->5'.
b.the strands become separated during synthesis.
c.synthesis occurs in both directions from the starting site of the synthesis.
d.synthesis of DNA is a very accurate process.

4.which of the following best describes the process of DNA replication in a
  prokaryote ?
a.replication beings at a unique site and proceeds in one direction all the
  way around a typically circular chromosome.
b.replication beings at a unique site and proceeds in two direction, meeting
  aboout halfway around a typically circular chromosome.
c.replication beings at a multiple sites , spreading outward until the entire
   typically circular chromosome is replicated.
d.replication beings at a multiple sites , spreading outward until the entire
   typically linear chromosome is replicated.

5.the universal features of DNA replication include all the following, except
  a.release of PPi from a nucleoside triphosphate.
  b.synthesis from 5' end to  3' end.
  c.base pairing of A to C and G to C.
  d.use of a primer.
  e.all of these 

6.having the ability to degrade DNA allows DNA polymerases to perform their
  job properly and efficiently.
  true

7.the primer for in vivo DNA replication is :
a.the 3' hydroxyl of the preceeding Okazaki fragment.
b. a short piece of RNA.
c.a nick made in the DNA template.
d.a primer isn't always required for DNA replication.
e.all of these are true.

8.which of the following isn't a function of DNA polymerase I from E.coli?
a.adding nucleotides to the primer strand.
b.3'->5' exonuclease activity
c.5'->3' exonuclease activity
d.proofreading

9.E.coli replication on the lagging strand
a.is carried out by DNA polymerase 1
b.is initially synthesized as Okazaki fragment.
c.is synthesized continuously
d.has this DNA strand synthesized in a 3'->5' direction.

10.which of the following activities doesn't E.coli DNA polymerase III do?
a.5'->3' polymerase
b.5'->3' exonuclease
c.3'->5' exonuclease
d.E.coli DNA polymerase 3 has all of above P.28

11.transcription of RNA and replication of DNA are similar in all these ways
   except
a.nucleoside triphosphates are the precursors.
b.both strands of DNA are copied
c.base pairing is used to copy the sequence in a precise manner
d.the chain grows for the 5' to 3' end.

12.the universal features of DNA transcription include all the following except
a.release of PPi from a nucleoside triphosphate
b.synthesis from the 5'->3' end.
c.base pairing of A to U and G to C.
d.use of a primer.

13.the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase has all the following properties except
a.it tells the RNA polymerase where to sit down.
b.it helps point the RNA polymerase in the proper direction.
c.it causes the RNA polymerase to bind tightly to the DNA.
d.it stays with RNA polymerase throughout synthesis.

14.these terms can be used interchangeably to denote the complementary strand
   in DNA except
a.template strand
b.coding strand
c.antisense strand
d.negative or "-"strand

15.chain termination occurs, in vivo, when :
a.RNA pol gets to the end of the DNA.本選項唬爛人
b.the factor called rho binds to the DNA.
c.a hairpin loop forms in the template.
d.either a hairpin loop forms or rho is involved

16.which of the following correctly describes a difference between RNA and DNA
   polymerase?
a.RNA polymerases usually don't need a template while DNA polymerases do.
b.DNA polymerases usually require a primer, while most RNA
            polymerases do not.
c.RNA polymerases usually synthesize introns, while DNA polymerases synthesize
  cistrons.
d.RNA polymerases polymerize 5'->3', while DNA polymerases polymerize 3'->5'.

17.which of the following offers the best description of a Pribnow box?
a.a promoter consensus sequence located at approximately -35.
b.a promoter consensus sequence located at approximately -10.
c.a sequence forming a hairpin loop signaling the termination of transcription
d.a sequence intermediately surrounding the start site of transcription.

18.the promoter region is one term use to describe where RNA pol can bind to
   DNA.
true

19.the DNA must form an open promter complex before RNA pol can bind it.
false   after

20.the weakness of A-U base pairs at the end of the RNA molecule may help in
dissociation of the new RNA product.
true

21.the majority of protein synthesis occurs in the
a.nucleus
b.mitochondrion
c.cytoplasm老子錯了
d.nucleolus

22.as in RNA & DNA synthesis, the synthesis of proteins follows the following
   steps except
a.activation of monomers
b.initiation
c.elongation
d.termination
e.all of these are involved in all polymer synthesis

23.the following terms describe the genetic code, except:
a.triplet
b.non-overlapping
c.commas are used
d.degenerate

24.degeneracy allows all of the following efficiencies in the genetic code,
    except:
a.more than one amino acid can bind to a tRNA
b.each tRNA can bind to more than one codon.
c.most condons can bind to more than one tRNA
d.fewer tRNA molecules are needed.

25.all 64 of the codes for an amino acid
false

26.the wobble base is the 3' letter of the triplet codon.
true

27.which amino acids have unique codons?
a.met gly
b.trp met 
c.tyr met
d.stop his

28.a tRNA was determined to have the following anticodon sequence
3'-GAI-5' (I represents the base hypoxanthine) indicate which of the following
codons can form base pairs with this anticodon
a.5'-CUA-3'
b.5'-CUC-3'
c.5'-CUU-3'
d.all of above

29.the genetic code is said to degenerate. this means that
a.each codon codes for more than one amino acid
b.each anticodon can interact with many different triplet sequences in the
  mRNA, which may differ in any or all of the three nucleotides
c.many of the amino acids are coded for by different codons
d.the code is universally used by virtually all species

30.the process of amino acid activation
a.involves the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid and tRNA
b.takes place by formation of a mixed anhydride of the amino acid and tRNA
c.involves the formation of an ester bond between the amino acid and tRNA

question
1.describe all the necessary process to get DNA from E.coli.
2.describe the filter-binding assay and how to use this method to determine
  the relationships between codons and the corresponding amino acids.

explain
1.sticky ends
2.RNAi
3.del electrophoresis
4.northern blotting:
5.FISH(fluorescence in-situ hybridization)
6.EDTA
http://tinyurl.com/2djmp83

＊有的codon所對應的意義為"stop"，而對應到stop的tRNA上是不會有任何的胺基酸的，
所以並非所有的codon都會對應上胺基酸。


13.the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase has all the following properties except
a.it tells the RNA polymerase where to sit down.
b.it helps point the RNA polymerase in the proper direction.
c.it causes the RNA polymerase to bind tightly to the DNA.
d.it stays with RNA polymerase throughout synthesis.
D選項錯哪裡?

＊請看第四章講義第45頁，在步驟六中sigma subunit就已經被釋放了，所以並沒有隨著
進行整個過程。


the wobble base is the 3' letter of the triplet condon.和講義P.79有無矛盾
一個三 一個五?

＊
mRNA上的為codon
tRNA上的為anti-codon
wobble base在codon的3'和anti-codon的5'端
所以兩者並無矛盾

27.which amino acids have unique codons?
a.met gly
b.trp met
c.tyr met
d.stop his
出現一個stop是什麼意思?

＊ stop指的是停止的意思，當出現這個codon時，蛋白質的轉譯會停止。