development:3 overlapping process
1. growth
irreversible up in size
==>cell division cell enlargement
shape morphoensis
acquisition of a particular shape and form
2. morphogenesis
3.differentiation, genetic information environment factors
gene expression
position
A.ground tissues
#parenchyma tissue
#parenchyma cell
cortex pith mesophyll(葉肉細胞)flesh of fruits ray(射髓)
functions
1.regeneration and wound healing
2.photosynthesis
3.storage
4.secretion
5.movement of water
6.transport of food
transfer cells(fig 24-6, p574)
facilitate the movement of solute over short distances
B. collenchyma tissue
collenchyma cell
-->commonly occurs in discrete strands or as continuos cylinders
beneath the epidermis in stems and petioles.
-->uneventually
a.出現在年輕的莖，表皮的下面
C.sclerenchyma tissue厚壁組織
->often lack protoplasts at maturity---dead
->thick, lignified secondary walls
functions: strengthening and supporting elements
fibers
long slender cells
commonly occurs in strands or bundles
sclereids
variable in shape
secondary cell wall
石細胞的細胞壁會逐漸增厚，細胞就會死亡
vascular tissue
xylem
#functions
the principal water-conduction of minerals
in support in food storage
#tracheary elements
tracheids=假導管
vessel elements (or vessel members)
elongated cells secondary walls, lack
protoplasts at maturity, pits
performation plate
seedless vascular plants: tracheid
gymnosperms: tracheid
在蕨類植物或者是裸子植物就只有假導管而已，而沒有導管
angiosperms: traicheid and vessel elements
secondary wall thickenings
在不同的發育時期，次級細胞壁的添加都不太一樣(fig 24-17)
參看圖，細胞連接的地方，細胞壁會增厚然後細胞會逐漸邁向死亡的道路
phloem
Angiosperms
#sieve-tube element members
companion cells
parenchyma(sometimes fibers and/or sclereid)
#sieve-tube
conducting elements of the phloem
#sieve-tube member contains： nucleus plastids mitochondria Golgi vessicles(
young)
mature:nucleus disintergrates
plastid and mitochondria---shrink
cytoplasm becomes reduced to a thin peripher layer
slime-p-protein
在篩管發育的過程中，靠著伴細胞供給，但是sieve-tube與伴細胞是唇亡齒寒
的，p-protein在切片的時候會被切到，charomes多醣類的組織
sieve-tube plate和 companion cell是緊密相連的(僅限於被子植物)
蕨類植物的不明顯
根的表皮細胞會向外延伸形成根毛，可以增加根吸收的表面積，在根毛以上的部分
幾乎看不到根毛，因為此部份的根功能大多只限在支撐的作用
在葉的表皮上面可以看到比較特殊的構造，葉的下表皮有保衛細胞，圍起來的部分
叫做氣孔(stoma)
subsidiary cell對於氣孔的開閉十分重要，控制鉀離子進入細胞，就可以控制氣孔的똊開合水分的調控。保衛細胞的細胞壁不均勻，鉀離子的濃度高，水分就進入細胞，保衛細胞即膨脹，氣孔就開。當天氣乾燥的時候，會送一些荷爾蒙，鉀離子就送到subsidiary cell，水分就跑出細胞，保衛細胞就會萎縮，氣孔就關閉
cuticle==角質層 產生cutin和蠟質
trichomes ==guard cells(毛絨)---表皮細胞的特化
形狀不一，有時候是圓的，有時候是尖的
可以保護植物的細胞不備外來物破壞
當植物表面佈滿了毛絨，就會防止水分的爭散(思亮館前的捲耳)的功能
要了解
表皮細胞在不同構造上會有不同的分化，在根莖葉的時候的變化
Periderm(p586)取代表皮細胞來保護植物體，植物初形成時由表皮細胞保護，但當不斷的增長之後，
組成：
cork：添加了許多subrin ( 木栓質)
Cork cambium(木栓形成層)
Phelloderm(綠皮層
Simple tissues
Tissue system tissues
Ground tissue parenchyma tissue
System collenchyma tissue
Sclerlenchyma tissue
切片：
cross section()
tangential section()
radial section(輻射狀)
上面兩個屬於縱切的一種
CHAPTER 25(p589)
Monocots(reference info) DICOTS
試分別整理出單子葉與雙子葉植物構造的不同
kinds of the root systems
1.Tap root system
*radicle or primary root初生根
the first root to emerge from a seed
*in most dicots, the radicle enlarge to form a prominen taproot that persists throughout the life of the plant
*taproot system
2.fibrous root system
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