DISEC本週要討論蘇丹Darfur議題
我先把自己準備的講義內容波在這裡 明天會印給大家 所以大家不用自己印
1. How did the conflict start?
In 2003 a rebel group began attacking government targets, saying the region was
being neglected by Khartoum (the capital of Sudan). The rebels say the
government is oppressing black Africans in favor of Arabs.
Darfur, which means land of the Fur, has faced many years of tension over land
and grazing rights between the mostly nomadic (游牧) Arabs, and farmers from
the Fur, Massaleet and Zagawa communities.
There are two main rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)蘇丹解放軍 and
the Justice and Equality Movement (Jem)公益平等運動, although the peace talks
were complicated by splits in both groups, some along ethnic lines.
The groups opposed to a May peace deal with the government have now merged into
the National Redemption Front led by former Darfur governor Ahmed Diraige.
2. What is the government doing?
Sudan's government denies being in control of the Janjaweed and President
Omaral-Bashir has called them "thieves and gangsters". However, it admits
mobilizing "self-defense militias".──間接默許
After strong international pressure and the threat of sanctions, the government
promised to disarm the Janjaweed. But so far there is little evidence this has
happened.
3.What has happened to the civilians?
Refugees from Darfur say that following air raids by government aircraft, the
Janjaweed ride into villages on horses and camels, slaughtering men, raping
women and stealing whatever they can find. Many women report being abducted
by the Janjaweed and held as sex slaves for more than a week before being
released.
Millions have fled their destroyed villages, with many heading for camps near
Darfur's main towns. But there is not enough food, water or medicine.
The Janjaweed patrol outside the camps and Darfurians say the men are killed
and the women raped if they venture too far in search of firewood or water.
Some 200,000 have also sought safety in neighboring Chad, but many of these are
camped along a 600km stretch of the border and remain vulnerable to attacks
from Sudan.
The refugees are also threatened by the diplomatic fallout between Chad and
Sudan as the neighbors accuse one another of supporting each other's rebel
groups. Chad's eastern areas have a similar ethnic make-up to Darfur.
4. Is anyone trying to stop the fighting?
About 7,000 African Union troops have slowly been deployed in Darfur on a very
limited mandate. Experts say the soldiers are too few to cover an area the
size of France, and the African Union says it does not have the money to fund
the operation for much longer. －自身難保的非洲聯盟
Sudan continues to resist strong western diplomatic pressure for the UN to take
control of the peacekeeping mission. The latest plan envisages 17,000 troops
and 3,000 UN policemen but at present there is deadlock.
In April 2006, the UN Security Council passed a resolution imposing sanctions
against four Sudanese nationals accused of war crimes in Darfur that include
two rebel leaders, a former air force chief, and a Janjaweed militia leader.
－15個理事國中,13票通過,兩張棄權票來自中國和巴基斯坦。中國有8%的石油來自蘇丹。
A dossier of evidence compiled by a UN commission has also been passed to the
ICC in The Hague, along with the names of top war crimes suspects.
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm
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