[2.15] What is the minimum phase space dimension for chaos?
This is a slightly confusing topic, since the answer depends on the type of
system considered. First consider a flow (or system of differential equation
s). In this case the Poincar□-Bendixson theorem tells us that there is no c
haos in one or two-dimensional phase spaces. Chaos is possible in three-dime
nsional flows--standard examples such as the Lorenz equations are indeed thr
ee-dimensional, and there are mathematical 3D flows that are provably chaoti
c (e.g. the 'solenoid').
Note: if the flow is non-autonomous then time is a phase space coordinate, s
o a system with two physical variables + time becomes three-dimensional, and
chaos is possible (i.e. Forced second-order oscillators do exhibit chaos.)
For maps, it is possible to have chaos in one dimension, but only if the map
is not invertible. A prominent example is the Logistic map
x' = f(x) = rx(1-x).
This is provably chaotic for r = 4, and many other values of r as well (see
e.g. Devaney). Note that every point x < f(1/2) has two preimages, so this m
ap is not invertible.
For homeomorphisms, we must have at least two-dimensional phase space for ch
aos. This is equivalent to the flow result, since a three-dimensional flow g
ives rise to a two-dimensional homeomorphism by Poincar□ section (see [2.7]
).
Note that a numerical algorithm for a differential equation is a map, becaus
e time on the computer is necessarily discrete. Thus numerical solutions of
two and even one dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations may
exhibit chaos. Usually this results from choosing the size of the time step
too large. For example Euler discretization of the Logistic differential equ
ation, dx/dt = rx(1-x), is equivalent to the logistic map. See e.g. S. Ushik
i, "Central difference scheme and chaos," Physica 4D (1982) 407-424.
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在細雨的午後 書頁裡悉哩哩地傳來 " 週期3 = ? "
然而我知道 當我正在日耳曼深處的黑森林
繼續發掘海森堡未曾做過的夢時 康德的諾言早已遠離.........
遠來的傳教士靜靜地看著山澗不斷反覆疊代自己的 過去 現在 和 未來
於是僅以 一顆量子渾沌
一本符號動力學 祝那發生在週一下午的新生
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