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作者: tm@bbs.sob.com.tw
標題: ◇ [參考]Autism FAQ (13):Glossary of terms and …
時間: Mon Oct 14 21:53:30 2002
作者: Jf (寫給往事的一封匿名信) 看板: NTUStar_rain
標題: [參考]Autism FAQ (13):Glossary of terms and acronyms
時間: Thu Sep 27 19:52:17 2001
_________________________________________________________________
Autism FAQ - Glossary of terms and acronyms
_________________________________________________________________
If you read messages on the AUTISM list, you may well run into terms
or acronyms that aren't explained. If the term/acronym you are looking
for isn't listed here, you might scan the following sections: "Similar
Conditions", "Treatment", "Educational Methods", "Organizations and
Services", and "Initiatives".
(Note that messages posted on the AUTISM list will sometimes include
some of the well-established e-mail acronyms (e.g. BTW="by the way",
IMO="in my opinion", IMHO="in my humble opinion", LOL="laughing out
loud", ROFL="rolling on floor laugning, FWIW="for what its worth").
There are many books on e-mail, the Internet, and online services that
provide lists of these.)
For other glossaries, see
http://www.autism-society.org/packages/glossary.html,
http://www.hyperlexia.org/acronyms.html,
http://web.syr.edu/~rjkopp/abbreviations.html, and
http://www.alliancelink.com/users/autism/
AAPEP
? (related to "PEP", see below)
AAC "Assistive Augmentative Communication"
A speech-language therapists' term for communication using a
picture board or recorded messages activated by buttons, etc.
ABA "Applied Behavior Analysis"
Acronym in common use by adherents of some behavioral
techniques to refer to a kind of careful analysis and tracking
of behavior including its cues and consequences.
ABC "Applied Behavior Consultants"
Organization centered in Sacramento sometimes discussed on the
AUTISM mailing list.
ABC "Autism Behavior Checklist"
Diagnostic device for autism.
AC "Autistics and cousins"
people with autism and those who may not be formally diagnosed
but may have some elements of atypical thinking. As far as I
know, this usage is confined to the Autism list.
ADA "Americans with Disabilities Act"
USA law that ensures rights of persons with disabilities with
regard to employment and other issues.
Adaptive PE "Adaptive Physical Education"
?
ADD "Attention Deficit Disorder" (see "Similar Conditions")
ADHD "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" (see "Similar
Conditions")
ADI "Autism Diagnostic Interview"
a diagnostic scale for autism being developed by the Medical
Research Council in London. Fairly technical: more precise than
CARS.
ADOS "Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale"
(or "Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule"?) Fairly technical
test.
AGRE "Autism Genetic Resource Exchange"
Program run by CAN foundation (see "Initiatives") to collect &
review DNA samples.
AIA Network "Autism, Intolerance & Allergy Network
(see "Feingold Association" under "Organizations and Services")
AIT "Auditory Integration Training" (see "Treatment")
ASLA "Autism Society of America, Los Angeles Chapter"
They hold an annual conference often referred to as the ASLA
conference.
Analog condition (conditioning?)
Term for some behavioral methods such as the Lovaas method used
by developers of the Natural Language Paradigm.
ANC "Autism National Committee" (see "Organizations and Services")
ANDI "Autism Network for Dietary Intervention" (see "Initiatives")
APD
?
aphasia
loss of ability to use or understand words.
apraxia
a neurologically-based disorder which occurs in adults, often
(but not exclusively) as a consequence of stroke. The person
has difficult sequencing movements in the service of a goal.
e.g., he may have the ability to raise his arm and to wave his
hand, but not when he consciously intends to do so. Apraxia may
be specific to speech (e.g., "apraxia of speech") or to the
movement of other body parts (e.g., "limb apraxia").
apraxia of speech (see definition of "apraxia")
apraxic
having to do with apraxia or a person with apraxia.
ARI "Autism Research Institute" (see "Initiatives")
ARRI "Autism Research Review International" (see "Bibliography")
AS "Asperger's Syndrome"
ASA "Autism Society of America" (see "Organizations and Services")
ASD "Autistic Spectrum Disorders" (see below)
ASL "American Sign Language"
atypical autism
A general term for conditions that are close to but don't quite
fit the set of conditions or autism or other specific
conditions. See "PDD-NOS" under "Similar Conditions".
augmentative communication
? (I think: communication augmented by a device, see for
example, PECS)
AUTCOM "Autism National Committee" (see "Organizations and Services")
Autism Behavior Checklist
?
Autistic savant
an autistic individual who displays incredible aptitude for one
or two skills.
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Term that encompasses autism and similiar disorders. More
specifically, the following five disorders listed in DSM-IV:
Autistic Disorder, Aspergers Disorder, PDD-NOS, Childhood
Disintegrative Disorder, and Retts Disorder.
Aversives
Behavioral methods employing punishment rather than positive
reinforcement. Often use physical pain. (see "Treatment" and
"Controversies")
Bayley
?
BRI "Behavioral Research Institute" see JRC.
CAN "Cure Autism Now" (see "Initiatives")
Canon Communicator (see "Facilitated Communication" above under
"Educational Methods")
CARS "Childhood Autism Rating Scale"
A test developed at TEACCH to diagnose autism. The child is
rated in 15 areas on a scale up to 4 yielding a total up to 60,
than ranges are considered to be non-autistic, autistic, and
severely autistic. For reference, see entry on Schopler article
in section "Bibliography" below.
CBCL "Achenbach Childhood Behavior Checklist"
diagnostic device.
CDC "Center for Disease Control"
US Government agency.
CF or c/f "casein free"
CFF "Community Care Facility"
CHAT "Checklist for Autism in Toddlers"
A checklist to by used by General Practitioners at 18 months to
see if a child has Autism. Described in Baron-Cohen S; Allen J;
Gillberg C. "Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle,
the haystack, and the CHAT." British Journal of Psychiatry,
1992 Dec, 161:839-43. (UI: 93130306)
chat
On the autism and other mailing lists, the Internet term "chat"
is used to refer to Internet chatting, i.e. using software that
allows you to hold online conversations by typing sentences
that will be read by a group. There are a number of chat groups
dedicated to autism: see the term "IRC" and see "Initiatives"
section below.
communications notebook
a notebook sent with a student (typically a special education
student or young student) to and from school by which parents
and teachers maintain (possibly) daily communication.
Cranio-Sacral Therapy
(see "Cranial Sacral" Therapy under "Treatment")
Cluster
Used to label an unusually large number of occurrances of a
disease or condition in one place. An "autism cluster" would be
an unusually large number of cases of autism in (perhaps) a
single locality. Clusters constitute evidence in the search for
causes of diseases and conditions. In early 1999, an autism
cluster was reported in the Brick Township of New Jersey.
DAN "Defeat Autism Now" (see "Initiatives")
Also "DAN!".
DAN Doctor
Also "DAN! Doctor". A physician who subscribes to the DAN
protocol and attended a DAN Conference. There is a list of such
doctors at http://www.autism.com/ari/danlist.html.
DAN Protocol
Also "DAN! Protocol". A protocol for the assessment of the
underlying disorders that is causing the autism. It is the
result of the DAN conferences.
DAS "Developmental Apraxia of Speech" (see "Treatment")
DD "Developmental Disabilities"
DH "Developmentally Handicapped"
Discrete Trial Methods
term used for some behavioral methods, e.g. the Lovaas Method
(see "Behavioral Therapy" under "Treatment")
DSS "Department of Social Services"
DTT "Discrete Trial Training"
(Note: I've also seen it refered to as "Discrete Trial Therapy"
and "Discrete Trial Teaching") I've seen the term applied to
Lovaas's ABA-based method for treating autistic children, and
I've seen it used as a term for the "drilling" aspect of ABA.
The term is also often used in a less specific way, as a
synonym for ABA. (see "Behavioral Therapy" under "Treatment")
DMAE "dimethyl aminoethanol" (see "Treatment")
DMG "dimethylglycine" (see "Treatment")
DSM-III, DSM-III-R, & DSM-IV "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" (see
"Books" in the "Bibliography" section below)
DTT "Discrete Trial Training" (see "Treatment")
DVD "Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia" (see "Similar Conditions")
Dyspraxia
Term for a neurological symptom: a problem with "praxis", i.e.
planning, initiating, sequencing, and carrying out volitional
movements. I think "dyspraxia" and "apraxia" mean the same
thing, having been coined in different professional circles.
See the variants of apraxia and dyspraxia under "Similar
Conditions".
E-2 or E2
Bernard Rimland's check list from the Autism Research Institute
(see "Organizations and Services"). It functions as an autism
rating device, and is basically being used to gather data for
study.
EAHCA "The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
See "Public Law 94-142".
echolalia
Repeating back something said to you. Delayed Echolalia is
repeating it later. Both behaviors are found in many autistics.
Functional echolalia is using a quoted phrase in a way that has
shared meaning, for example, a child who sings the Barney
jingle to ask for a Barney videotape, or says "Get your shoes
and socks" to ask to go outside.
EEG "Electroencephalogram"
A test consisting of recording brainwaves as picked up by
electrodes. It is used to identify seizures. It is also used to
differentiate LKS from other disorders in with autistic
symtoms.
ELAP "Early Learning Accomplishment Profile"
evaluation checklist for children used by some professionals
(Cost $325 from Kaplan Catalog at 1-800-334-2014).
EFA "Essential Fatty Acid"
Evaluating Acquired Skills in Communication, Revised Edition
?
Face Blindness
See "Prosopagnosia" above under "Similar Conditions".
FAPE "Free and Appropriate Education"
FC or F/C "Facilitated Communication" (see "Educational Methods")
FCT "Facilitated Communication Training"
A variant of the term "Facilitated Communiction" (see
"Educational Methods")
FEAT "Families for Early Autism Treatment"
See "Organization".
GARS "Gilliam Autism Rating Scale"
GF or g/f "gluten free"
HFA "High-functioning Autistic" or "High-functioning Autism"
Higashi
USA Higashi is a school for autistic children located in
Boston. I believe it is modeled after a similar school in
Japan. (see "Initiatives")
Hyperlexyia
Ability to read at an early age, but often without linking the
words to what they words mean. (see "Similar Conditions")
Hypotonia
Low muscle tone.
ICD-10
International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition
ICF "Intermediate Care Facility"
IDEA "Individuals with Disabilities Act"
A US Law mandating the "Free and Public Education" a.k.a. FAPE
of all persons with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21.
IEP "Individualized Educational Plan"
IFSP "Individualized Family Service Plan"
IHP "Individualized Habilitation Program"
IgG
An antibody involved in intraveneous immunoglobulin (see
"Treatment")
IGIV or IgIV "intravenous immunoglobulin" (see "Treatment")
IVIG
Same as IGIV.
IVIgG "intravenous gamma globulin" (see "Treatment")
IMHO "In My Humble Opinion"
this abbreviation is sometimes used on the Autism mailing list
just as it is used on lots of lists and newsgroups.
Inclusion (see "Mainstreaming" under "Educational Methods")
IPP "Individual Program Plan"
IRC "Internet Relay Chat"
the term has nothing to do with autism per se, but refers to an
Internet service to allow people to type messages to each
other. The term is used on the AUTISM mailing list to refer to
the IRC regular discussions on the subject of Autism (see
section below "Initiatives").
JRC "Judge Rotenberg Center"
a facility in Providence RI run by Matthew Israel, a follower
of B.F. Skinner. Extremely controversial due to its use of
aversives (electro shock device, ammonia water sprays in face
etc.) for self injurious behaviors and noncompliance. The state
of Massachusetts has been unable to close it, despite the death
of a resident during the administration of a punishment. It was
profiled in a television documentary on Connie Chung's _Eye to
Eye_ which included footage taken by a hidden camera of various
punishments being administered to residents. The JRC was
formerly called the Behavioral Research Institute (BRI).
Ketogenic diet
restricted diet used to prevent epileptic seizures.
LCSW "Licensed Clinical Social Worker"
LD "Learning Disabled"
LFA "Low-functioning Autistic" or "Low-functioning Autism"
LKS "Landau-Kleffner Syndrome" (see "Similar Conditions")
Lovaas (see "Behavioral Therapy" above under "Treatment")
LRE "Least Restrictive Environment"
LSH "Language, Speech and Hearing Specialist"
Mainstreaming
Placement of a disabled child with non-disabled peers in a
regular classroom.
MEG
? (type of EEG?)
MR "Mentally Retarded" or "Mental Retardation"
MRI "Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
A diagnostic tool in the sense of an X-ray machine or Cat
scanner, which like them, creates internal images of the
selected parts of the body. Rather than sending X-rays through
the body, it builds its image data by testing the magnetism of
the body tissue.
MSDD "MultiSystem Developmental Disorder"
Stanley Greenspan's term for an autistic-like set of symptoms.
NAS "National Autistic Society" (see "Organizations and Services").
Neuroleptic
A class of drug that includes Haldol and Risperdal (see
"Treatment").
Neurotypical
(see NT)
NICHCY "National Information Center for Children and Youth with
Disabilities"
NIH "National Institutes of Health"
U.S. government agency.
NLP "Natural Language Paradigm" (see "Treatment").
Note: NLP is also the acronym for something else:
"Neuro-Linguistic Programming", and partly for this reason,
"Natural Language Paradigm" has been renamed "Pivotal Response
Training".
NIMH "National Institutes for Mental Health"
NT "Neurologically Typical" or for short, "Neuro-typical" or
"Neurotypical"
this term is used in discussions of autistic people to refer to
people who are not autistic.
NOS "Not Otherwise Specified" (see "PDD-NOS")
OCD "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder" (see "Similar Conditions")
OCR "Office of Civil Rights"
Ocytocin
a neurotransmitter.
ODD "Oppositional Defiant Disorder"
OT "Occupational Therapy" or "Occupational Therapist"
Like Physical Therapy only deals with fine motor skills, e.g.
picking up small objects like coins. Occupational therapists
would be the people who provide Sensory Integration Therapy
(see "Treatment")
PANDAS "Pediatric Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Strep"
PDD "Pervasive Development Disorder" (see "Similar Conditions")
PDD-NOS or PDD/NOS "Pervasive Development Disorder--Not Otherwise
Specified" (see "Similar Conditions")
PECS "Picture Exchange Communication System" (See "Educational
Methods")
PEP "psycho-educational profile" (see "PEP-R")
PEP-R "psycho-educational profile-revised"
a test designed (among other things?) to assess the presence of
autism and point toward treatment strategies and some areas of
need.
perserveration
obsessive-like continued immediate repetition of a behavior.
kica
ingestion of nonfood items.
PET
? (type of scan)
PPT
?
proprioceptive
?
PRT "Pivotal Response Training" (see "Treatment")
PT "Physical Therapy"
Public Law 94-142
Also known as The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of
1975 (EAHCA). USA Federal law providing funds to states that
maintain certain standards in their education of handicapped
children, i.e. providing a free and appropriate education in a
least restrictive environment. I believe IDEA is the more
recent version of this law.
Purkinje cells
A type of cell in the brain. There is a theory that a lack of
Purkinje cells is related to autism. This idea came from
reports of autopsies on autistic people.
QEEG
? (type of EEG?)
refrigerator mother
Slang jargon phrase used to describe mothers of autistic
children who act coldly. The phrase was used in descriptions of
the Freudian psychological theory of the cause of (infantile)
autism. See section "History".
Residual state autism (actually, "infantile autism
residual state") A DSM-III (1980) category for individuals who
once met the criteria for autism but no longer do so but may
retain some residual traits. DSM-IV (1987) dropped the
category.
Secretin
A hormone used to diagnose digestive problems (see "Treatment")
Sensorimotor
Pertaining to brain activity other than automatic functions
(respiration, circulation, sleep) or cognition. Sensorimotor
activity includes voluntary movement and senses like sight
touch and hearing.
Seratonin
A neurotransmitter, i.e. brain chemical that plays a part in
communication within the nervous system. It has been noted that
the level of seratonin measured in autistic people is sometimes
higher than that in typical people. Some of the drugs that have
been tested for use with autistic people have been drugs
already known to affect seratonin.
SI "Sensory Integration" (see "Educational Methods")
SI also sometimes stands for "Speech Impairment".
SIB "Self-Injurious Behavior"
SIT "Sensory Integration Therapy" (see "Educational Methods")
SLP or S-LP "Speech-Language Pathologist"
Son Rise
The name of a book by Barry Neil Kaufman about his autistic son
(see section on accounts of autistic people under "Popular
Attitudes") and the name of a program for treating/educating
autistic children that Kaufman started (see "Initiatives").
SRRI "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" (see "Treatment")
SSI-DC "Supplimental Security Income-Disabled Child"
US program.
SSS "Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome" (see "Similar Conditions")
stim
(e.g. stimming) short for "self-stimulation", a term for
behaviors whose sole purpose appears to be to stimulate ones
own senses. An example is rocking ones body. Many people with
autism report that some 'self stims' may serve a regulatory
function for them (ie. calming, adding concentration, shutting
out an overwhelming sound). Other examples: hand-flapping,
toe-walking, spinning, echolalia.
TEACCH "Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication
Handicapped Children" (see "Initiatives")
Theory of mind hypothesis
(see section "Theories and Causes" for a description)
titers
?
TOM "Theory of Mind"
TS "Tourette Syndrome" (see "Similar Conditions")
The initials "TS" have also been used for another condition,
"Tuberous Sclerosis" (see "Similar Conditions").
The Welch Method (Welsh Method?; see "Holding Therapy" under
"Educational Methods")
Upledger Cranio-Sacral Therapy
see "Cranial Sacral Therapy" under "Treatment". Upledger is the
name of a person who sells training in the methodology to
therapists.
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
test sometimes used to evaluate students possibly requiring
special education.
_________________________________________________________________
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