CH9 JOINTS
關節ㄉ分類:
l 依功能分類
1. synarthrosis不動關節(arthrosis:關節)
2. amphiarthrosis少動關節
3. Diarthrosis可動關節
l 依結構分類:有無關節囊or連接骨頭ㄉ組織種類
1. Fibrous joints: no synovial cavity關節囊, 以纖維來連接(p242)
i. Sutures(縫):頭蓋骨
ii. Syndesmosis(syn: together) (韌帶聯合):humerus&ulna, tibia&fibula
iii. Gomphosis:牙齒跟齒槽間
2. Cartilaginous joints: no synovial cavity,以軟骨連接 (p243)
i. Synchondrosis(軟骨聯合):例如課本fig9.2(a)骨垢上ㄉepiphyseal plates,到ㄌ20多歲後骨化
ii. Symphysis(合生):如脊椎ㄉdisc, pubic symphysis圖(b)
3. Synovial joints: 有synovial cavity,以關節囊及韌帶連接,最常見ㄉ類型
(p244ㄉ圖)*articular capsule(關節囊)(capsule:囊,被膜)
fibrous capsule:一層堅韌ㄉ組織,保護作用
synovial membrane(滑液膜):滑液膜內充滿synovial fluid(潤滑液),減少摩擦
i. Gliding(planar):具滑動性,可前後滑動,見於tarsal bone, carpal bone
ii. Hinge:最常見,之能做一ㄍ方向 ex: knee,elbow,ankle
iii. Pivot:旋轉為主 ex:頸椎C1.C2 atlanto-axial joint, radioulnar joint
iv. Ellipsoidal(condyloid):橢圓形,可前後左右移動ex:舟狀骨(scaphoid),月 狀骨(lunate),及redius間ㄉ關節
v. Saddle:馬鞍狀,只有一例-大拇指ㄉmetacarpal與trapezium(大多角骨)間ㄉ關節
vi. Ball-and -socket: 見於shoulder 及 hip joints (p246)
l Bursa關節囊-囊狀; tendon sheath-管狀,長在tendon附近
二者都是差不多ㄉ,內有類似synovial fluidㄉ液體,增加潤滑度
Acromion下面,肩膀附近有4ㄍbursa
l Types of movements at synovial joints
Gliding滑動.滑行:最簡單ㄉ動作,發生在planar joint
Flexion彎曲:兩骨間ㄉ角度變小
Dorsiflexion:腳往上彎,腳背叫dorso side
plantar flexion腳往下彎,腳掌面叫plantar side
Lateral flexion軀幹在frontal plane向左or右彎
Extension伸展,二骨角度變大
Hyperextension伸展到解剖位置後再繼續伸展
Abduction(Abd)外展:遠離身體中線,手指-中指,腳趾-第二趾
Adduction(Add)內縮
Circumduction繞圈:近端固定,遠端作繞圈動作
Rotation旋轉:骨頭繞其長軸轉動
Medial(internal) rotation:向內旋轉,向身體中線移動
Lateral(external) rotation:向外旋轉
Elevation提上,如聳肩,下巴抬高(使閉嘴)-----------Depression往下,如打開嘴巴
Protraction突出:在transverse plane往前移動-----------Retraction縮回
Inversion內翻:腳ㄉ動作,使腳底相向----------Eversion外翻
Supination:前臂ㄉ動作,使手掌朝前(上),ulna與radius平行
Pronation:手掌向後(下),ulna與radius交叉
Opposition對指:人類特有ㄉ動作-------Reposition恢復原位
** Selective Joints of body
下面是比較重要ㄉlig. 沒時間就記這幾ㄍ就好ㄌ!!
1. Shoulder joint
Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligament GI joint主要ㄉlig.
Transverse humeral ligament蓋住bicepsㄉ長頭
Glenoid labrum(labrum圈,唇狀邊緣)
Subscapular bursa (sub下)老師這ㄍ字打錯ㄌ…大家要改過來yo~~
subdeltoid bursa比較少看到
*subacromial bursa(這兩ㄍbursa比較重要)
*subcoracoid bursa
2. Elbow joint
Ulnar collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament
Radial annular ligament
3. Wrist and hand
原則上不用記^0^
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