試題 :共三大題


甲、請解釋下列各段文句並在「政治脈絡」(political context)之內解釋
    它們為何如是說：


1.When membership in a social stratum is ascribed by birth and mobility is
    considered to be in princuple impossible, we usually speak of "castes"
   (especially when the strata are associated with particular economic
   activities).
   "Classes," on the other hand, are strata in which some mobility is at least
   in principle possible. Social strata, whether castes or classes, are by
   definition unequal in rank, wealth, and power.

2.For animals, copulation is a dagerous luxury. While occupied in copulation,
  an animal is burning up valuable calories, neglecting opportunities to gather
  food, vulnerable to predators eager to eat it and vulnerable to rivals eager
  to usurp its territory. In contrast, human sex, as a device to achieve
  fertilization, would have to be rated a huge waste of time and energy.

3.A animal too has impluses, desires, inclinations, but it has no will and
  must obey its impulse if nothing external deters it. Man, however, the
  wholly undetermined, stands above his impulses and make them his own, put
  them in himself as his own.

4.It is the fundamental belief of all aristocrats that the common people are
  liars. The decadents need the lie - it ia one of the conditions of their
  preservation.

乙、何謂「第三文化」？
    請以政治科學為例說明其在第三文化的概念架構中今後的發展趨勢。

丙、說明「超人」(Ubermensch)政治文化在西歐國家出現的背景與其主要特色。

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