試題 :


一:翻譯下列3段分別有關官僚階級 中產階級 群眾階級的文字 30%



Some critics of bureaucracies propose to gi further, either by restricting the
bureaucratics' scope of operation, or by replacing them with other
organizational forms. Ramos (1981) and other advocates of 'social systems
delimitation' and a 'new science of organizations' recognize a continuing need
for bureaucracies with their hierarchucal and coercive attributes for dealing
with market-centred activities, but urge the recognition and encouragement of
other institutional arrangements in which members of the organizations are
peers or are subject to minimal formal controls, contending that such non-
bureaucratic organizational forms are appropriate for 'social settings suited
for personal actualizatuin, convival relationships, and community activities
of citizens' (Ramos 1981:135). The functioning of bureaucracies would thus be
sanctioned but limited as compares to the present.



Gentility remains with us to this day, with all its pleasures and pains.Our
love of beauty, our sensitivity, yhe kindness and amiability of society are
qualities we prize, and rhese come from the desire to be refined.At the same
tume,gentility divides us and makes us anxious.Gentility separates us from
one another on meretricious grounds our clothes, our speech , our manners.We
suffer embarrassment from the neccesity to please, the sense of constant
performance, the fear if scorn.Through it all, we struggle to distinguish true
gentility from vanity and suoerfucual fashion.

"The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", which inspired and
braced the social Darwinist creed, was published in 1859. Marx and Engels
almost immediately commended Darwin for evacuating religion, metaphysics, and
ethics from the domain of the natural sciences. They also applauded him for
the automatic , irreversible, and structured process of evolution, with stress
on conflict and forward change.More geberally , they credited Darwin with
establishing a common ground unchanging and harmonious, to have a historicity
comparable to that of human society.This breakthrough so exhilarated Marx that
in the introduction to the second volume of kis Capital he professed to view
"the evolution of the economic in his eulogy at Marx's grave, Engels
maintained that "just as Darwin had discovered the law of evolution in organic
nature, so Marx had discovered the law of evelution in human history."


二: 以上三種階級因為能夠產生 增加與動員他們的政治力 是以能夠影響國家政治體系
的決策、分享政府的統治權力(governing power) 是以被附加 "cracy"以凸顯其階級的
政治力 試解悉以上3種階級的政治力的不同特質 45%


三:政治力因為隨個人 團體或階級的「表達」(expression)不同而決定了他們在社會的
層級(rank) 例如力的表達程度(或質量)越高 他們被賦與「卓越」或「最佳」(aristo)
之讚揚的機會越大 試就一年來對政治科學之學習所得 探討政治力的運作 如果是一種人
類(甚至包括生物)社會的必然現象 就如同春夏秋冬風雨雷雪現象一樣 那麼這種政治現象
是否受到某些科學法則所規範 如果有 試舉之 25%