Something 'bout R&B

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  <Rhythm and blues>

  Stylistic origins: Upbeat blues and gospel
  Cultural origins: 1940s US
  Typical instruments: Guitar - Bass - Saxophone - Keyboard

  Subgenres
  Doo wop - New Jack Swing - Quiet Storm - Hip-hop soul

  Rhythm and blues (or R&B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the
United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. It replaced the term
race music, which was deemed offensive. Today, R&B, no longer an initialism,
defines the modern version of the soul and funk influenced African-American
pop music that originated with the demise of disco in 1980.


  <Original Rhythm and blues>

  In its first manifestation, rhythm and blues was the predecessor to
rockabilly and rock and roll. It was strongly influenced by jazz and jump
music as well as black gospel music, and influenced jazz in return (hard bop
was the product of the influence of rhythm and blues, blues, and gospel
music on bebop).

  The first rock and roll consisted of rhythm and blues songs like "Rocket
88" and "Shake, Rattle and Roll" making an appearance on the popular music
charts as well as the R&B charts. "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On", the first
hit by Jerry Lee Lewis was an R&B cover song that made number one on pop,
R&B and country and western charts.

  Musicians paid little attention to the distinction between jazz and rhythm
and blues, and frequently recorded in both genres. Numerous swing bands (for
example, Jay McShann's, Tiny Bradshaw's, and Johnny Otis's) also recorded
rhythm and blues. Count Basie had a weekly live rhythm and blues broadcast
from Harlem. Even a bebop icon like arranger Tadd Dameron also arranged for
Bull Moose Jackson and spent two years as Jackson's pianist after
establishing himself in bebop. Most of the studio musicians in R&B were jazz
musicians. And it worked in the other direction as well. Many of the
musicians on Charlie Mingus's breakthrough jazz recordings were R&B veterans.
Lionel Hampton's big band of the early 1940s, which produced the classic
recording "Flying Home" (tenor sax solo by Illinois Jacquet) was the breeding
ground for many of the bebop legends of the 1950s. Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
was a one-man fusion, a bebop saxman and a blues shouter. .

  The 1950's was the premier decade for classic rhythm and blues. Overlapping
with other genres such as jazz and rock and roll, R&B also developed regional
variations. A strong, distinct style came out of New Orleans and was based on
a rolling piano style first made famous by Professor Longhair. In the late
50's, Fats Domino hit the national charts with "Blueberry Hill" and "Ain't
That a Shame". Other artists who popularized this Louisiana flavor of R&B
included Clarence "Frogman" Henry, Frankie Ford, Irma Thomas, The Neville
Brothers and Dr. John.

  It was not in the US but through the thriving UK pop scene of the early
1960s that R&B reached the height of its popularity. Without the same kind
of racial distinctions that refused it acceptance in the USA, white British
performers and listeners adopted this novel style of music without question
, and groups such as The Rolling Stones and Manfred Mann brought it to a
wider audience. The term fell into disfavor in the 1960s, being replaced by
soul music.

  <Modern R&B>

  The term R&B today defines a style of African-American pop music,
originating after the demise of disco in 1980, that combines elements of
soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip-hop. In this context
only the abbreviation "R&B" is used, not the full expression. Modern R&B is
distinguished by an electronic record production style, drum machine-backed
rhythms, and a smooth, lush style of vocal arrangement. Although it is
generally distinguished from the more impassioned genre of soul music, there
is significant overlap between the two, particularly in the existence of the
hip-hop fused genres of new jack swing, hip-hop soul, and neo soul.


  Subgenres

  Quiet Storm: Quiet storm is a broad category of R&B and jazz-based music
               that is mellow, laid-back and often romantic. Its name comes
               from an innovative radio show that originated at WHUR at
               Howard University in the mid-1970s, named after Smokey
               Robinson's hit single and album Quiet Storm. The genre
               achieved great mainstream success during the 1980s with
               artists like Luther Vandross, Anita Baker and Sade. Among
               other notable quiet storm musicians are Lionel Richie, Gerald
               Levert, Joe, and Brian McKnight.

  New jack swing: A fusion of hip-hop music and R&B, new jack swing was
                  distinguished by significant use of rapped choruses or
                  bridges and prominent use of drum machines such as the
                  Roland TR-808. Teddy Riley and his group Guy are credited
                  with being the inventor of the genre; other notable figures
                  include Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Jodeci, and Boyz II Men. A
                  female alternative, new jill swing, was championed by acts
                  such as Shanice, TLC, and SWV.
                  (new jill swing很有趣!)

  Hip-hop soul: Essentially new jack swing for the 1990s, hip-hop soul took
                the style further towards a pure hip-hop sound, usually
                accompanied by a nervy, gangsta rap-esque image. Among its
                most notable figures were Montell Jordan, Blackstreet,
                Groove Theory, and the "Queen of Hip-Hop Soul", Mary J. Blige.

 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B)

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