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※ 引述《elegentgirl (努力做個美食專家(g))》之銘言：
: 參考這一篇吧
: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10947-2003May3.html
SARS Can Live on Common Surfaces
Key to Its Spread Lies in Quantity
By Rob Stein
Washington Post Staff Writer
Sunday, May 4, 2003; Page A01
The SARS virus apparently can survive on common surfaces at room
temperature for hours or even days, which could explain how people
can catch the deadly lung infection without face-to-face contact
with a sick person, scientists have found.
New laboratory studies, being released today, have produced the
first scientific data on how long the SARS virus can live in various
places and conditions, demonstrating for the first time that the
microbe can linger outside an infected person's body.
One study showed the virus survived for at least 24 hours on a
plastic surface at room temperature, which suggests it might be
possible to become infected from touching a tabletop, doorknob or
other object. Another found the microbe remained viable for as long
as four days in human waste, a crucial finding that could clarify
how the virus can spread through apartment buildings, hospitals and
other facilities.
German scientists found a common detergent failed to kill the virus,
indicating that some efforts to sterilize contaminated areas may be
ineffective. An experiment conducted in Japan concluded that the
virus could live for extended periods in the cold, suggesting it could
survive the winter.
The long-awaited findings should be crucial for containing the
epidemic, and they could solve one of the most important mysteries
about the new disease: how the virus spreads without direct exposure
to infected individuals.
"It's the first time we have hard data on the survival of the virus.
Before, we were just speculating," Klaus Stohr, the World Health
Organization's top SARS scientist, said yesterday. "There has been a
lot of speculation that the touching of objects could be involved.
This shows that transmission by contaminated hands or contaminated
objects in the environment can play a role."
In addition, the findings will help researchers develop better tests
for the virus and possible treatments. Now that they know what temperatures
kill the virus, researchers can purify serum from sick people for use in
calibrating tests and possibly to give other patients as a therapy. Serum
contains antibodies that are measured by tests. In addition, the antibodies
could work as a treatment if they can neutralize the virus.
The new data come as the number of cases continues to increase. An
additional 191 cases and 18 deaths were reported yesterday, bringing the
toll to 6,234 cases in 27 countries, and 435 deaths, according to WHO.
Outbreaks appeared to be under control in Hanoi, Hong Kong, Singapore and
Toronto, but the disease was still spreading in many parts of China, and
Taiwan has experienced a sharp jump in cases in the past week.
U.S. health officials are investigating 54 probable cases in this
country, including three in Virginia, and are monitoring an additional
237 suspected cases.
The results were produced by laboratories in Hong Kong, Japan, Germany
and Beijing that are part of a scientific network organized by WHO to study
the previously unknown virus. The findings were compiled and analyzed over
the past few days and were to be posted on WHO's Web site today so public
health workers around the world can begin using them to keep the virus from
spreading,said Stohr, who described the findings in a telephone interview.
"These studies are very important for designing strategies for cleaning
and disinfecting," Stohr said.
Stohr stressed that a key unknown is how much virus is necessary for
someone to become infected. So even though the virus can survive in the
environment, it remains unknown whether it can survive in sufficient
quantities to be dangerous, he said.
"What we're seeing is that this virus certainly has the capacity to
stay inthe environment. What we don't know is the infectious dose," he said.
Stohr also emphasized that, by far, the primary mode of transmission was
through droplets that spray out when an infected person sneezes or coughs.
But researchers had become increasingly suspicious that there were
alternative transmission routes because of incidents in which people
became infected without close personal contact with a sick person.
The most disturbing case involved a 33-story apartment tower in the
Amoy Gardens complex in Hong Kong. Hundreds of people living in the
building were infected, forcing authorities to evacuate the residents
to quarantine camps.
An intensive investigation concluded that the outbreak may have been
caused by a man who caught SARS, developed diarrhea and used his brother's
bathroom in the building. Investigators found a small crack in a sewage
pipe in the building and speculated that the virus spread through the
building in droplets that became airborne from the leak.
"There has been a lot of speculation about how the Amoy Gardens got
infected. No one knew whether the hypothesis would hold. This would
support the theory that . . . sewage coming out from that crack could
have contaminated the air," Stohr said.
In the new research, scientists in Hong Kong added the virus to normal
human adult feces and diarrhea, as well as to feces from a 6-month-old
baby. The virus survived in the baby's feces for three hours, in normal
feces for six hours and in diarrhea for four days. The difference appears
to be linked to acidity -- the virus survives longer as the acidity
decreases, Stohr said.
"This is important, because traces of stool could occur on surfaces in
hospitals. So this is very important to know in sterilizing those
environments," Stohr said.
++++這一段+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
In another set of studies, scientists in Japan examined how well the
virus weathered extreme temperatures. The virus died at 98.6 degrees
Fahrenheit and above, started to deteriorate at 40 degrees but seemed to
remain viable indefinitely when temperatures dropped to 32 degrees.
Scientists in Beijing produced similar results.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++這一段+++++
SO...日本和大陸曾有相似研究結果?
那...這次的報導?????????????
"This means that if the virus is being kept at lower temperatures, we
have to think about next winter," Stohr said.
German researchers, meanwhile, placed the virus on a plastic surface at
room temperature and found it could survive as long as 24 hours. "It survived
easily," Stohr said. Another team in Hong Kong produced similar results.
The German scientists also found that a commonly used detergent appeared
to have little effect on the virus. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
is planning a large-scale study to test a large number of disinfectants against the virus, Stohr said.
Other teams in Singapore and Hong Kong have also been testing the virus's
ability to survive in various temperatures and levels of humidity; in blood;
and on metals, plastics, paper and cotton. Those results could come within
days, Stohr said.
"We're beginning to understand how this virus can survive in the environment,
" he said.
c 2003 The Washington Post Company
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我已經很努力排版了...上課去!
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冷たい肢体に迸る欲望を赤い血で潤す
快樂の叫び響く夜に... 銳く脈打つ本能
呼吸に絡まる血の香りが恍惚の夜に漂う
鮮血に染まる未來の時刻... 激しく悶える本能
Beast of blood
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※ 編輯: KAMINA 來自: 140.112.221.19 (05/05 10:03)