A phone is a sound unit or segment phonetically produced by our speech
organs. It is also called a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a family
or class of these phonetic segments which have certain significant features
(such as voiced and voiceless features) that distinguish it from others.
It serves to contrast the meanings of words. A phoneme is, therefore a
distinctive phnetic segment that has the contrastive function of making two
words distinct in meaning.
For example, /p/ adn /b/ are two consonat phonemes in which /p/ is
voiceless and /b/ voiced. They function to contrast the meaning of the
minimal-paired words "pat-bat" and "tap-tab." These pairs of words which
differ only by one phoneme are called minimal pairs. English has many
minimal pairs. The study of such minimal-paired is called phonemics. Notice
that a phoneme is placed between slashes / / to distinguish it from an
ordinary alphabet letter.
AMERICAN ENGLISH PHONETICS p3
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