國立清華大學91學年度外國語文學系轉學生招生考試
科目：英語語言學概論
1. Please find the answer by yourself.
2. Please find the answer by yourself.
3. Once, long ago, a beautiful lady was walking through a forest and came upon a
large dragon. She screamed and ran to the nearest village, where she found a
wizard, a boy of twelve by the name of Harry Potter.
4. a. Smith suggests Jones to do the work another day first, and then tells him
it's time to go.
b. The direct speech act is reminding; however, the indirect speech act is a
request. That is, in fact, Smith wants Jones to leave immediately.
c. Smith directly asks Jones to leave.
The use of indirectness in b is a better way to avoid quarrel. In a and c,
Smith uses direct speech to request Jones to go, which is likely to threaten
Jones' negative face, and cause quarrel easily.
5.
a. [tS]
b. [N]
c. [f]
d. [?]
6.
a. Palatalization: Palatalization is a term used in phonology to refer to
the articulation using the tongue touching the hard palate. It is a
kind of assimilation that an affected sound becomes like its neighboring
sound. For example, /s/→[S]/__ [i]. The stop undergoes palatalization
when it occurs before the high front vowel.
b. Epenthesis: Epenthesis occurs in phonology to refer to the appearance of
the insertion, such as glottal stop insertion. Dance, /dQns/→[dQnts];
[t] occurs when it is between a nasal and a stop; moreover, the place of
the stop is determined by the preceding nasal's place.
c. Dissimilation: Dissimilation is a term used in phonology to refer to a
situation that one sound affect its neighboring sound, and the two sounds
become less alike. For example, /T/→[t]/ when it is before another
fricative, the word "fifth" /f‥fT/→[f‥ft].
7.
im- occurs when the first sound of the stem is [+bilabial]; il- occurs when
the first sound of the stem is [+lateral]; ir- occurs when the first sound
of the stem is [+rhotics]; iN- occurs when the first sound of the stem is
[+velar]; in- occurs elsewhere.
8.
a. referent: It denotes someone or something that an expression refers to.
b. prescriptive grammar: It corrects the speaker, and tells us how we should
use the grammar of language.
c. clitic: It can't stand alone, and has to attach to a word. The difference
between clitic and affix is the former has looser attachment to the stem.
d. competence: What a native speaker knows his language, including syntax,
phonology, phonetics, morphology, semantics, and so on.
e. derived morphology: It is one kind of word formation. The derived affixes
includes -ment, -tion, de-, im-, and so on, which will change part of
speech and meaning of the word.
f. infix: It is a kind of word formation, and infix is not occur in English.
Infix is used as affixes added within a stem.
g. content word: Content words focus on the lexical meaning rather than the
grammatical function, including nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.
h. anaphora: Anaphora is a given knowledge, and it has the antecedent
occurred before to refer to the same referent.
9.
a. homophony: For example, bare and bear. The two words have the same
sounds phonetically.
b. a sentence that is lexically ambiguous: For example, the ball is very
interesting. The "ball" is lexically ambiguous, and can be explained
as a round object, or a party.
c. a presupposition: For example, I realized I was overweight. No matter
how I confirm or deny the statement, it is a fact that I was overweight
then.
d. entailment: For example, I am a student of NTIT. The sentence entails
that I am a student.
10.
The patient of Broca's aphasia has halting speech, and the speech
often lacks function words. Moreover, the words usually display the
lack of inflections. On the other hand, the patient of Wernicke's
aphasia has very influent speech, but the meaning is nonsense. Broca's
aphasia is about productive disorder while Wernicke's aphasia is about
receptive disorder.
11. The student prepared for the test very diligently.
IP
I′
NP I VP
D N′ V′
The N V′
ADVP
student V PP
prepared p′ advP adv′
p NP
for N′very adv
D
the N diligently
test
12.
Humans have language, but animals don't have language, because we have
displacement. That is, we can talk about things here and now or things
happened before. Moreover, we have productivity and creativity in language
to make novel sentences we have not heard before. Third, we have cultural
transmission by language and writing.
13. Please find the answer by yourself.
14. The teacher knows who the student talked to.
IP
I′
NP
I VP
N′
D V′
The N V CP
teacher knows NPi C′
C IP
who I′
NP I VP
D N′ V′
V PP
the N talked p′
p NP
student
to ti
wh-movement
以上答案謹供參考，不解處快洽老師，課本，及同學。
﹨﹙¯▽¯﹚∕
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