╔════╗
║題目內容╠════════════════════════════════
╚════╝

  原文題目：Scientists dig for lessons from past pandemics

　題目譯文：

┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第一段│
└───┘
　原　文：

  If there's a blessing in the current swine flu epidemic, it's how benign
  the illness seems to be outside the central disease cluster in Mexico.
  But history offers a dark warning to anyone ready to write off the 2009
  H1N1 virus.

  譯  文：若說目前豬流感疫情有什麼值得慶幸之處，大概就是，其在發生群聚感染
  的主要地區—墨西哥以外的其他區域，都顯得如此地溫和。 但歷史仍對任何欲排除
  2009年H1N1病毒可能引發之危機者，提出了不樂觀的警示。
┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第二段│
└───┘
　原　文：

　In each of the four major pandemics since 1889, a spring wave of relatively
　mild illness was followed by a second wave, a few months later, of a much
　more virulent disease. This was true in 1889, 1957, 1968 and in the
　catastrophic flu outbreak of 1918, which sickened an estimated third of
　the world's population and killed, conservatively, 50 million people.

　譯　文：自1889年算起的四次大流行中，每次都是先有一波相對溫和的春季疫情，
  在數個月後緊接著第二波益發來勢洶洶的疫情。 這在1889年，1957年，1968年，以及
  1918年爆發的流感，這場感染了全球約三分之一人口，且據保守估計導致了五千萬
  人口死亡的毀滅性災難中皆已印證。


┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第三段│
└───┘
　原　文：

　Lone Simonson, an epidemiologist at the National Institutes of Health,
　who has studied the course of prior pandemics in both the United States
　and her native Denmark, says, "The good news from past pandemics,
　in several experiences, is that the majority of deaths have happened not
　in the first wave, but later." Based on this, Simonson suggests there may
　be time to develop an effective vaccine before a second, more virulent
　strain, begins to circulate.

　譯　文：國際衛生組織（NIH）的傳染病學家，瓏．西蒙森，曾研究先前於美國及
  她的故鄉丹麥，所發生過幾次大流行的進程，她表示：「從過去幾次大流行的經驗
  中，我們可以得知的好消息是，主要的死亡病例並非發生在首波疫情，而是集中在
  之後。」基於這項發現，西蒙森建議需在第二波更惡性的變種亞型開始傳播以前研發
  出有效的疫苗。

┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第四段│
└───┘
　原　文：

　As swine flu -- also known as the 2009 version of the H1N1 flu strain --
　spreads, Simonson and other health experts are diving into the history
　books for clues about how the outbreak might unfold -- and, more
　importantly, how it might be contained. In fact, the official Pandemic
　Influenza Operation Plan, or O-Plan, of the U.S. Centers for Disease
　Control and Prevention, is based in large part on a history lesson --
　research organized by pediatrician and medical historian Dr. Howard
　Markel of the University of Michigan.

　譯　文：從豬流感—亦被熟知為2009年H1N1流感變種亞型—開始蔓延時，西蒙森和其他
  衛生專家便潛心於歷史文獻之中，尋求有關疫情將會如何爆發，還有更重要的，可以
  何種方法控制疫情的線索。事實上，由美國疾病管制暨預防中心所發布的流感大流行
  官方作戰計畫（the official Pandemic Influenza Operation Plan），又作O–計畫，
  有一大部分立論於一堂歷史課—由身兼小兒科醫師與醫學歷史學家的密西根大學博士
  霍華．馬可所設立的研究。
┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第五段│
└───┘
　原　文：

　A cheerful man with thick-rimmed black glasses and a professor's manner,
　Markel was tapped by the CDC to study what worked and what didn't during
　the 1918 flu disaster. Markel and colleagues examined 43 cities and found
　that so-called nonpharmaceutical interventions -- steps such as quarantines
　and school closings -- were remarkably successful in tamping down the
　outbreak. "They don't make the population immune, but they buy you time,
　either by preventing influenza from getting into the community or slowing
　down the spread," Markel told CNN.

　譯　文：一位配戴黑色粗框眼鏡，神情愉悅，有著教授氣息的男士——馬可，應疾病
  管制局（CDC）邀請，對1918年大流感災情中，何種措施奏效、何種不奏效進行研究。
  馬可和他的同僚調查了43個城市，並發現所謂非藥物性的介入—即隔離和關閉學校等
  手段—在防堵大流行上有顯著的成效。「這些成功的案例並非致力於使群眾獲得免疫，
  但不論是防堵流感深入群眾，或是延緩疫情散播，都得耗費你的時間。」

┌───┬─────────────────────────────────
│第六段│
└───┘
　原　文：

　Markel describes a dramatic example in the mining town of Gunnison,
　Colorado. In 1918, town leaders built a veritable barricade, closing
　down the railroad station and blocking all roads into town. Four thousand
　townspeople lived on stockpiled supplies and food from hunting or fishing.
　For three and a half months, while influenza raged in nearly every city
　in America, Gunnison saw not a single case of flu -- not until the spring,
　when roads were reopened and a handful of residents fell sick.

　譯　文：馬可描述發生在科羅拉多州，甘尼森這個礦業城鎮的實例。 1918年時，該
  城鎮的領導者們設置了一個鑿鑿實實的防柵，將所有的鐵路運輸站和聯外道路全數
  封閉。四千名市民靠著儲備物資的配給，和打獵或捕魚所獲取的食物維生。這種情形
  一直持續了三個半月，當美國境內所有鄰近城市皆淪陷於流感風暴時，甘尼森境內卻
  不見任何一例流感病例——直到春天來臨，道路被重新開放時才有幾位居民感到
  身體不適。

╔════╗
║題目結尾╠════════════════════════════════
╰════╯