[心得/貓食] 關於貓咪飲食的討論

[NaoGaTsu (那歐卡茲)]

此篇文章是對於「貓咪飲食」這個主題，
透過閱讀、節錄或整理以下四篇文獻中，我認為與貓咪飲食較相關的重點或內容，
以此為基礎的非學術性貓奴交流討論。
由於並非嚴謹的學術討論，亦非科普或衛教，
因此以下引用文獻內容時將不以學術引用文獻格式(如APA)表示，
僅以寫作順暢的引用方式為主，以不影響行文脈絡，
而文獻中與本文討論主題較無直接相關的表格、圖片與圖表，便不隨文附上。
同時對貓咪飲食相關主題的討論亦以寫作流暢為主，沒有一定順序。

由於要討論的內容相當多，因此如果寫作到一個段落已花費太多時間，
此篇文章本文可能將會重覆編輯數次以進行站上存檔，
或可能將會拆成兩篇或三篇文章來討論。
(打到一半發現要寫的東西多到爆炸，應該會分個幾次寫完)

本文要引用的四篇文獻是：

1．《Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 5th Edition》(2008)
   https://goo.gl/7YhKk6
   以下會以《SACN 5th》作為引用縮寫使用
   關於此本文獻中所有章節的reference可以在以下連結中查詢：
   http://www.markmorrisinstitute.org/sacn5_references.html

2．《小動物腸胃科學》(2012)
   https://www.taaze.tw/goods/11100851684.html
   此本文獻中沒有詳列出reference，僅有延伸閱讀文獻。

3．《Nutritional management of feline gastrointestinal diseases》(2008)
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19081554
   此篇文獻中有列出reference，有引用到的段落部分若作者有註記，
   會再依作者當時使用的格式列於文末。

4．《Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal
     problems》(2001)
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11215916
   此篇文獻中有列出reference，有引用到的段落部分若作者有註記，
   會再依作者當時使用的格式列於文末。

首先是《SCAN 5th》，
我們將會引用Chapter1、Chapter19、Chapter20、Chapter21中，
對貓咪飲食的基本說明、飲食改變的說明、範圍以及幅度建議等內容，
此文獻後本章節有對罹患各腸胃疾病貓咪的營養需求建議與飲食建議，
有興趣的版友可以參閱此本文獻後本內容，在此便不詳列，
關於腸胃疾病、食物過敏、食物不耐受相關的貓咪飲食主題，
我們將透過上述其他文獻的內容進行討論。

Chapter19《Introduction to feeding normal cats》中，
對貓咪飲食生理學和基本模式的說明。(SACN5TH CHAPTER 19 P.362~367)
內容如下，僅引用於本文討論相關的部分，
並僅於有必要處進行說明，說明不一定正確，僅是個人解讀：
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

CATS AS CARNIVORES

Taxonomically, cats and dogs are members of the order Carnivora and are
therefore classified as carnivores (Table 12-4). From a dietary perspective,
however, dogs are omnivores (Chapter 12) and domestic cats and other members
of the superfamily Feloidea are strict or true carnivores, along with
raptors, mosquitoes and some coldwater fish. This basic difference is
supported by specific behavioral, anatomic, physiologic and metabolic
adaptations of cats to a strictly carnivorous diet.

這段主要說明，從飲食觀點上來看，
貓與猛禽等動物一樣是嚴格或真正的食肉動物，
狗則是雜食動物。

Adaptations in Feline Feeding Behavior

Domestic cats share several feeding behaviors with their wild counterparts.
Unlike most mammals, cats do not display a regular daily rhythmicity in
sleep-wake cycles, activity, feeding and drinking. Cats typically eat 10 to
20 small meals throughout the day and night (Kane et al, 1981; MacDonald et
al, 1984). This eating pattern probably reflects the evolutionary
relationship of cats and their prey. With the exception of African lions,
cats are solitary hunters. Small rodents (e.g., voles and mice) make up
40% or more of feral domestic-type cats’food source; however, young rabbits
and hares may compose a large portion of their natural diet (Fitzgerald,
1988). A variety of other prey (e.g., birds, reptiles, frogs and insects) is
also eaten, but in smaller amounts. The average mouse provides approximately
30 kcal (125 kJ) of metabolizable energy (ME) (Mugford, 1977). This amount is
about 12 to 13% of a feral cat’s daily energy requirement. Repeated cycles
of hunting throughout the day and night are required to provide sufficient
food for an average cat. Thus, meal feeding cats once per day is in conflict
with their natural feeding behavior.

這段主要說明了貓咪基本飲食模式的來源與型態。
由於貓典型的飲食模式是少量多餐型態(10~20small meals/day)，
因而一天餵食一次的做法不符合貓咪的自然進食模式。

The predatory drive is so strong in cats that they will stop eating to make a
kill (Adamec, 1976). This behavior may frustrate owners who confuse predatory
behavior with hunger (Box 19-1). Many owners reason that a fed cat will not
hunt and are disappointed when their housecat kills songbirds. Supplemental
feeding may reduce hunting time, but otherwise does not alter hunting behavior
(Turner and Meister, 1988).

Cats are very sensitive to the physical form, odor and taste of foods. Oral
tactile sensation is important to normal feeding behavior and should be
considered when feeding novel foods. Unless accustomed to foods with
different textures such as dry foods, cats generally prefer solid,
moist foods and reluctantly accept food with powdery, sticky and very greasy
textures (NRC, 2006, 1986; Kane et al, 1981a).

這段主要說明了貓咪對食物的物理形態、氣味與味道非常敏感，
「口感」對於正常的貓咪進食行為來說很重要，
在給予新食物時也需要考慮口感。
除非貓咪已經習慣了乾食，
不然貓咪通常更喜歡固體的、潮濕的食物，
勉強接受粉末狀的、黏黏的和非常油膩的食物。

The flavor and texture preferences of individual cats are often influenced
by early experience that can affect preferences throughout life. Cats
accustomed to a specific texture or type of food (i.e., moist, dry, semi-moist)
may refuse foods with different textures. This becomes an important
consideration when feeding cats novel foods.

這段主要說明，
貓咪對味道和質地的喜好通常來自於他們的早期經驗的影響，
並可影響他們終生。
貓咪習慣於特定一種質地或型態的食物可能會拒絕其他質地的食物。

Cats find certain flavors very attractive, which seems to reflect the
nutritional characteristics of their natural foods. Cats prefer the tastes of
animal fat, protein hydrolysates (digests), meat extracts and certain free
amino acids abundant in muscle tissue (i.e., alanine, proline, lysine,
histidine and leucine). Cats search out wild prey more often when meat is not
in their diet (Robertson, 1998). Even the feeding behaviors of cats in the
wild reflect their preference for animal tissues. When ingesting prey,
wild cats avoid consuming plant materials contained in the entrails.
African lions have been observed to first empty the digesta from the entrails
by expressing the contents with their tongues (Leyhausen, 1979).

這裡有個很有趣的地方，
此段後半說到，當野貓攝取獵物時，野貓會避免吃下獵物內臟中的植物。
非洲獅子們曾經被觀察到攝取獵物時首先用舌頭排空獵物內臟中的消化物。

This behavior contrasts with that of a pack of wild dogs or wolves eating
similar game. Wolves often first consume the viscera of prey (Mech, 1970).

狼則經常先吃掉獵物的內臟。

Herbivores are common prey; therefore, the gastrointestinal contents are
generally of plant origin and have a high carbohydrate content. Unlike dogs
and other omnivores, cats are not attracted to the taste of sugars and are
averse to flavors derived from plant products (e.g., glutamic acid and
medium-chain triglycerides) (MacDonald et al, 1984).

這裡說到草食動物是常見的獵物，
因此胃腸內容物通常來源自植物，且有高碳水化合物含量。
和狗與其他雜食動物不同，貓咪不會被糖的味道吸引，且不喜歡來自植物的氣味。
(例如麩胺酸和中鏈三酸甘油脂)

Cats are also sensitive to bitter tastes when compared to tastes of other
species (Carpenter, 1956). A great deal of variation in preference is
apparent in the cat population; owners often report that cats have an
appetite for cantaloupe, pumpkin, bananas or celery.

這裡主要說到貓對苦味很敏感。且貓咪有各式各樣對食物不同的喜好。

Food temperature also influences food acceptance by cats (Figure 19-1).
https://i.imgur.com/qekxz4g.png
(Figure 19-1，截自SACN 5th P.362)

Cats prefer that moist foods be offered at, or near, body temperature (38.5ºC
[101.5ºF]). This preference is logical considering that in the wild, a cat’
s food typically consists of freshly killed prey.

貓咪主要喜歡問題接近獵物體溫的濕食，
圖19-1可以明確看到貓咪對濕食食物溫度的偏好程度。

Oral Cavity

Cats and dogs have the same number of incisor, canine and carnassial teeth
(i.e., the enlarged upper premolar and lower molar teeth specialized for
shearing flesh); however, cats have fewer premolar and molar teeth, and they
do not possess fissured crowns, which are a hallmark of omnivorous animals
(Figure19-2).

這段在說明貓咪的牙齒構造。

The jaws of cats have limited lateromedial and craniocaudal movement,
thereby limiting grinding ability. The scissors- like action of the
carnassial teeth is ideal for delivering the cervical bite used to transect
the spinal cord and immobilize or kill prey. Cats lack salivary amylase used
to initiate digestion of dietary starches. This adaptation reflects the
nutritional composition of the typical prey (i.e., low starch content).

這段前半解釋了貓咪牙齒結構限制了貓咪磨碎食物的能力。
後半說明了貓咪的唾液中缺乏澱粉酶，反映了典型獵物的營養成份(如低澱粉含量)。

Stomach

Because cats evolved to eat small frequent meals, the stomach is less
important as a storage reservoir compared with the stomach of dogs. Thus, the
stomach of domestic cats is simpler than that of dogs (i.e., relatively
smaller with a smaller glandular fundus).

這段說明了貓咪因為少量多餐，因此胃的儲存庫相較於狗沒有這麼重要。

Small and Large Intestine

Intestinal length, as determined by the ratio of intestine to body length, is
markedly shorter in cats than in omnivores and herbivores (Table 19-3). A
greater villus height in cats increases the absorptive surface area. Overall,
however, the absorptive capacity is estimated to be 10% less than that of
dogs (Kendall et al,1982; Morris and Rogers, 1989). Therefore, dogs can more
efficiently use a variety of foods, some of which may require more digestion
than animal tissues.

這裡說明了貓咪的腸道長度與身體長度的比例上較雜物動物與草食動物來得短，
雖然貓透過增加了腸道絨毛高度增加了吸收的表面積，
但總體來說腸道的吸收能力還是比狗低了大約10%，
因此狗相較於貓可以更有效地利用各種食物，如有些可能需要更多的消化的動物組織。

Unlike in omnivores, the sugar transport systems of the small intestine of
cats are not adaptive to varying levels of dietary carbohydrate (Buddington
and Diamond, 1992). Cats do not waste energy or protein by turning over
carriers or enzyme systems of little value because free sugars and complex
carbohydrates normally make up a negligible percentage of their food (Table
19-4). This lack of adaptability has been noted in other strict carnivores,
such as raptors and coldwater fish.

這段主要說明了貓咪和雜食動物不同，
小腸中的糖運輸系統並不適應不同程度的膳食碳水化合物。
這種適應性上的缺乏在其他食肉動物如猛禽和冷水魚身上也有被注意到。

Also, cats have low activities of intestinal disaccharidases (i.e., sucrase,
maltase and isomaltase) (Kienzle, 1993). This reflects adaptation to foods
limited in simple sugars and other carbohydrates. In cats, pancreatic amylase
production is about 5% of that in dogs (Kienzle, 1987, 1993a). Pancreatic
amylase production is relatively nonadaptive in cats, as would be expected
in a species unaccustomed to significant changes in dietary carbohydrate
levels.

這段主要說明了貓咪的腸道二糖酶活性低，
這反映了貓咪對單醣和其他碳水化合物適應性上的限制。
貓胰澱粉酶的產量約為狗的5%，
和其他不適應飲食中碳水化合物水平顯著變化的物種一樣，
對貓而言，胰澱粉酶的製造是非適應性的。

Cats have higher concentrations of bacteria in their small intestine than dogs
and other omnivores studied ( Johnston et al, 1993, 2001; Gruffydd-Jones et
al, 1998). Interestingly, the numbers typical for cats would be diagnostic for
small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs (NRC, 2006). Although the reason
for this finding is unclear, their relatively short small intestine and
carnivorous physiology have been suggested as possibilities. Increased numbers
of small intestinal bacteria might enhance protein and fat digestion (Zoran,
2002).

這段主要是在說貓咪小腸中的細菌濃度相較於狗和研究中的其他雜食動物來得高，
雖然這個原因不明，
但以貓咪相對較短的小腸和食肉生理學來說，
小腸中增加的細菌量對幫助蛋白質和脂肪的吸收是有可能的。

Certain amino acid transporters in the small intestines of cats are highly
adaptable, particularly the transporter responsible for arginine uptake. This
finding underscores the importance of the amount of protein and specific
amino acids in foods for cats. Unlike omnivores, cats are unable to
synthesize significant quantities of ornithine or citrulline within the
intestine. Both are precursors to arginine synthesis. This inability results
in the absolute requirement for arginine in cat foods, which is discussed
below.

這裡主要是說，貓咪小腸中的某些胺基酸轉運蛋白具有高度的適應性，
特別是負責精氨酸攝取的轉運蛋白，
這個發現強調了貓咪飲食中特定胺基酸與蛋白質含量的重要性。
和雜食動物不同，貓咪沒有辦法在腸內大量合成鳥氨酸和瓜氨酸，
而鳥氨酸和瓜氨酸是合成精氨酸的前體，
這種能力上的缺乏導致貓咪飲食裡對精氨酸有絕對要求。

Cats have a vestigial cecum and a relatively short colon (0.4m). These
anatomic features would appear to limit cats’ capability to use poorly
digestible starches and fiber by microbial fermentation in the large bowel
(Morris and Rogers, 1989).
The primary end products of bacterial fermentation (i.e., shortchain fatty
acids: acetate, propionate and butyrate), however, are present in relatively
high concentrations in the large bowel of cats (Brosey et al, 2000). Large
intestinal fermentation may be more important to cats than previously thought.

這裡主要是說，貓咪有一個退化的盲腸和一個相對較短的結腸，
這種解剖學上的特徵，
限制了貓咪在大腸中透過微生物發酵難消化的澱粉與纖維的能力。
然而在貓的大腸中，細菌發酵的主要終端產物以相對高的濃度存在，
大腸發酵的重要性可能比先前認為得來得重要。

《SACN 5th》在Chapter1中提到了Feeding Plan大方向，
以及Food Replacement的原則說明與建議，如下(Chapter1 P.7~P.12)：
----------------------------------------------------------------------

If food assessment indicates that an animal’s key nutritional factor
requirements are not being met, the most practical way to balance a food is
to simply select a different food (i.e., one that does a better job of
meeting the patient’s requirements).

這裡主要說明，
如果食物評估表明了動物的關鍵營養需求要素沒有被滿足，
平衡一項食物最實際的方式，單純就是選擇另一項食物。
(也就是能更好地符合患者需求的另一項食物)

The most likely application of this method occurs when one commercial food is
substituted for another. If homemade foods are being used, they can be
replaced by appropriate commercial foods or another homemade food if other
recipes are available (Chapter 10).

這裡主要說明，
當一種商業食品得以替代另一個時最有可能應用上述這種方式。
如果配方合適的話，自家製食品可以被合適的商業食品或其他自家製食品替換。

The process is straight forward and simple. The nutrient content of other
foods is evaluated to see which food most closely meets the animal’s
requirements. Assuming comparable palatability, the most acceptable food
replaces the previous food. Case 1-3 demonstrates food replacement.

這裡是說上述這種替換的過程是非常簡單明了的，
也就是比較其他食物的營養成分，評估看看哪個食物最貼近動物的需求，
假設適口性相當，動物最能接受的食物取代之前的食物。
(個案1-3有飲食更換的案例說明，在此便不引了)

This process is greatly facilitated by the food tables in the feeding healthy
dog and cat chapters (Chapters 12 through 17 for dogs and 19 through 24 for
cats) and the feeding clinically ill patient chapters (Chapters 25 through 68).

Chapter19~24章此文獻有列出針對各年紀與狀態的貓咪營養需求分析表格，
非常詳細但引用上非常困難(在ptt上不知道怎麼引，單貼圖應該會看到眼花)，
因此在此便不引了，有興趣的版友可以查閱以下連結中的table updates：
http://www.markmorrisinstitute.org/sacn5_tables.html

These tables list the key nutritional factor targets and the key nutritional
factor contents of commercial foods commonly marketed for patients at various
lifestages and those having specific diseases.

Changing foods for most healthy dogs and cats is of minor consequence. Some
owners switch their pets from one food to another daily. Most dogs and cats
tolerate these changes. However, vomiting, diarrhea, belching, flatulence or
a combination of signs may occur with sudden, rapid switching of foods,
probably because of ingredient differences. It is prudent, therefore,
to recommend that owners change their pet’s food over the course of at least
three days. A seven-day period is even better, as owners increase the
proportion of new food and decrease the proportion of old food (Table 1-1).

這裡是說對健康的犬貓來說，更換食物的後果很輕微，
有些飼主每天為他們的寵物從一項食物換另一項。
大多數的犬貓容許這些改變。
然而，突然、快速的食物轉換可能會發生嘔吐、腹瀉、噯氣、胃腸脹氣或一些綜合徵狀，
這可能是由於成分的差異。
(我個人註：這裡後續會用本篇文章開頭提到的文獻4，也就是「食物敏感」進一步討論)

因此，建議飼主至少用三天的時間為他們的寵物更換食物，是謹慎的。
當飼主增加了新食物的比例並降低了舊食物的比例時，七天的期間甚至更好。
詳細的食物更換時間表可以看表1-1

https://i.imgur.com/oRnGkIx.png
(表1-1，SACN 5th P.12)

表1-1中提到對飲食改變出現低容忍狀況的貓，建議用到4週時間更換食物。

Nearly all pets readily tolerate a seven-day transition period. A much longer
transitional period is recommended in cases in which the food change is known
to be significant, the pet has demonstrated a poor tolerance to such changes
in the past or food refusal is expected (Table 1-1). For example, a long
transition schedule is likely to be needed for an old cat recently diagnosed
with kidney disease when the food must be switched from a highly palatable
grocery “gourmet” food to an appropriate veterinary therapeutic food.

此段同上述，這裡主要是說明幾乎所有的寵物都容易接受七天的轉換期，
而有些貓咪的狀態則建議需要更長的轉換期。


chapter1至此，接下來接chaper20
待更新。

--
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※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/cat/M.1553606746.A.B46.html
推 kotoyan: 先推，辛苦了！感謝
推 Jason123okok: 認真給推
推 sasukex: 推
推 catbabe: 推，表1-1實用
推 Berlin5148: 推！但我以為貓會喜歡甜欸我家一隻超愛藥水糖漿，愛
→ Berlin5148: 到不可思議www
   這可能和貓咪的早期經驗有關，也可能是糖漿中特定的氣味，
   並不一定是糖的氣味或味道吸引她 :3
   像我們家黑鼻超級喜歡正露丸的氣味，我完全不明白為什麼 XD

推 kning0926: 醫生說貓貓會愛的我家貓都不愛( ′-`)她可能不是貓
   一樣罐罐養百樣貓，貓咪的個性不同，成長的經驗不同，
   喜歡的東西也可能會不同。
※ 編輯: NaoGaTsu (118.169.12.63), 03/27/2019 00:38:06
→ coner1234: 推細心分享 很實用
推 csydebbie: 雖然說貓應該愛肉遠於植物，但我家唯一看到會為之瘋狂
→ csydebbie: 的零食是小麥草XD
推 leko: 樓上握手，一天不吃就會跟我翻臉。
→ leko: 推這篇文章整理用心
推 mizuto: 推推 謝謝分享～
推 yan925363: 感謝分享