※ 引述《vmp (日漸消瘦鬱鬱寡歡)》之銘言：
: 唉唷……可是我的問題…只有一句回答喔
要長的答案也有，但是可能要花點時間消化
而且這篇文章沒有經過授權（因為年代有一點久遠了），請原作者包涵
雖然裡面有一些觀點我是不大同意，不過大抵上還可以接受
原作者為椰林風情的 recife，未經原作同意
bossa nova不是jazz，它是承襲了choro*和samba-cancao*的部分結構特色而又獨創一
格，為"bossa nova教宗"Joao Gilberto(吉他奏法和唱腔)、"bossa nova領袖
"Vinicius de Moraes(寫詩)及Tom Jobim(作曲)三人共同於1958年創始而來。
*choro(葡語的"Chorar"為"哭泣"之意，而choro的起名和chorar有一點關係，主要是指
演奏樂器其中的木管樂器聽來有些"weeping"的感覺，但這並不代表choro是哀傷的；整
體上，choro的曲調是愉悅而即興的)源於1870年巴西的里約，具備「複音音樂
polyphony」的本質而強調「對位法counterpoint」，而樂手本身演奏必備的高超技巧
功力和即興演奏型態為其不可或缺的主要特質內涵，且choro的發源比起1900年源於美
國紐奧良的jazz要早一些。而鋼琴家Alfred Heller在述及Villa-Lobos的choros時，亦
等於是對choro的整體結構和形式的同理描繪：
“The Choros form seems to be based on a musical dramatization of a group of
chorinho (choro的暱稱) musicians getting together at night on the street to
improvise. One plays a motif and another picks it up and takes it one step
further, not necessarily in the same key, until they all are having a very
good time "jamming" as we might call it today. It is difficult enough to get
it all together with its polytonal and polyrhymic effects, but to play it in
a popularesque improvisational way as well provides an even more task. Yet
these pieces are delightful with their syncopations, polyrhythms, and their
mournful weeping melodies.”
*samba-cancao(森巴歌)源於1920年代末巴西里約，乃係以徐緩而帶有些許感傷情懷的
抒情方式來吟唱，強調旋律與人聲的揉合，節奏僅作為點綴。
雖然bossa nova不是jazz，但jazz卻著實受到bossa nova的影響薰陶；換言之，不論是
在big band、bebop、modern、free、fusion、acid等jazz各類型，幾乎所有的jazz
artists都曾詮釋過bossa nova和其他巴西音樂且持續至今。
如Miles Davis / Quiet Nights中的"Corcovado"；以及大部分的Miles Davis迷可能不
知道在他的Live Evil中，"Sivad (sample two)"、"Igrejinha"(Little Church)和
"Nem Um Talvez"(Not Even A Maybe)亦為巴西MPB演奏大師Hermeto Pascoal的作品；
而Miles Davis與Hermeto Pascoal在語言不太通的情況下竟結成好友，當兩人決定合作
專輯時，Miles Davis即屬意想將Hermeto Pascoal拿給他看的一些作品全數網羅在專輯
中，但為Hermeto Pascoal拒絕，且Hermeto Pascoal還開玩笑地對Miles Davis表示他
的作品無法割愛，不過，終究Miles Davis還是在Live Evil演奏了Hermeto Pascoal的3
首作品。
此外，幾乎整張專輯的曲目都是詮釋bossa nova等巴西音樂，或與Brazilian artists
的合作，或以Brazilian music為主題概念的的所謂jazz artists的Brazilian jazz專
輯大致就有：
Cannonball Adderley / Cannonball's Bossa Nova
Ray Brown Trio / Black Orpheus
Dave Brubeck / Bossa Nova USA
Laurindo Almeida & Charlie Byrd / Brazilian Soul
Charlie Byrd & Bud Shank / Brazilville
Charlie Byrd / My Inspiration-Music Of Brazil, / Bossa Nova Years, /
Brazilian Byrd, / Bossa Nova Pelos Passaros, / Sugarloaf Suite
John Coltrane / Bahia
Paul Desmond / Bossa Antigua, / From The Hot Afternoon
George Duke / A Brazilian Love Affair
Michael Franks / Abandoned Garden
Laura Fygi / Lady Wants To Know
Ella Fitzgerald / Ella Abraca Jobim
Stan Getz & Luiz Bonfa / Jazz Samba Encore
Stan Getz & Joao Gilberto / Getz & Gilberto
Stan Getz / Big Band Bossa Nova, / Bossa Nova Years
Coleman Hawkins / Desafinado
Joe Henderson / Double Rainbow
Eddie Higgins Trio / Speaking Of Love
Quincy Jones / Big Band Bossa Nova
Lee Konitz / Brazilian Rhapsody, / Brazilian Serenade
The Manhattan Transfer / Brasil
Herbie Mann / Do The Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann, / Jasil Brazz, /
Opalescence, / America&Brasil, / Brazilian Soft Shoe, / Caminho De Casa
Gerry Mulligan & Jane Duboc / Paraiso Jazz Brazil
Mark Murphy / Brazil Song
Joe Pass / Tudo Bem
Oscar Peterson / Carioca
Lee Ritenour / Rio, / Twist Of Jobim, / Festival
George Shearing / Bossa Nova
Frank Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim / Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio
Carlos Jobim
Wayne Shorter / Native Dancer
Sarah Vaughan / I Love Brazil, / Copacabana, / Brazilian Romance
Toquinho & Sadao Watanabe / Made in Coracao
Sadao Watanabe / Twin Best
Paul Winter & Carlos Lyra / The Sound of Ipanema
另在jazz artists的專輯中有詮釋一首或數首bossa nova曲目的：
"Chega De Saudade" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / 1965
"Corcovado"(Quiet Nights Of Quiet Stars) - 如Joe Pass & Niels - Henning
Orsted Pedersen / Chops；Houston Person & Ron Carter / Now's The Time
"Desafinado" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Dizzy's Diamonds；Art Pepper / Complete
Galaxy Recordings
"Fotografia"(Photograph) -- 如Chuck Mangione / Feelings Back
"How Insensitive"(Insensatez) -- 如Dexter Gordon / Sophisticated Giant；
Eddie Higgins / Again；Wes Montgomery / Tequila；George Shearing / Grand
Piano
"Manha De Carnaval" -- 如Ray Brown / Live at Concord；Dexter Gordon / Gettin
Around；Freddie Hubbard / Body & The Soul；Chuck Mangione / Feelings Back；
Gerry Mulligan / Night Lights
"Mas Que Nada" -- 如Count Basie / Live At Tilburg Holland featuring Ella
Fitzgerald；Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On；Dizzy Gillespie / Swing Low
Sweet Cadillac
"Meditation"(Meditacao) -- 如Count Basie / Live In Paris 1972； Ray Brown
Trio / Red Hot Trio；Paul Desmond / Like Someone In Love；Dexter Gordon /
More Power；Anita O'Day / Mello'Day
"O Cantador"(Like A Lover) -- 如Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments
"Once I Loved"(Amor em Paz) -- 如Wes Montgomery / Campact Jazz
"One Note Samba"(Samba de Uma Nota So) - 如Count Basie / Very Best Of Count
Basie；Dizzy Gillespie / 1965
"Portuguese Washerwomen" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On
"Retrato Em Branco E Preto" -- 如Eddie Higgins / Portrait In Black & White
"Someone To Light Up My Life"(Se Todos Fossem Iguais A Voce) -- Eddie
Higgins / Portrait In Black & White；Shirley Horn / Jazz 'Round Midnight；
Shirley Horn / Loving You；Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments
"Summer Samba(So Nice)" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On；Anita
O'Day / Mello'Day
"the Girl From Ipanema" (Garota de Ipanema) - 如Louis Armstrong / Please
Don't Talk About Me Whenever I'm Gone；Stephane Grappelli / Satin Doll；
Archie Shepp / Fire Music；Zoot Sims / Hawthorne Nights
"Waters Of March"(Aguas of Marco) - 如Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments
"Wave" - 如Fred Hersch & Bill Frisell / Songs We Know；Milt Jackson & Joe
Pass & Ray Brown / Big 3；Joe Pass / Blues Dues；Joe Pass & J.J. Johnson /
We'll Be Together Again；Oscar Peterson / Good Life；Oscar Peterson / In
Russia；Oscar Peterson / Will To Swing；Mel Torme / Fujitsu-Concord Jazz
Festival；McCoy Tyner / Supertrios
此外，從bossa nova開始席捲美國和世界後，巴西的一些頂尖吉他手和打擊樂手亦成了
jazz及英語系pop/rock樂壇炙手可熱的人物，而使得jazz artists及英語系pop/rock
artists紛紛邀請為其固定班底或sideman，如Pat Metheny和Lyle Mays當他們接觸了巴
西的bossa nova後，即深深為之吸引，而後在聽到了巴西MPB Milton Nascimento的作
品後，更是為其風格所影響啟發而使得Pat Metheny Group的音樂成為仿傚Milton
Nascimento特有的"轉角俱樂部Clube Da Esquina"風格，且在Pat Metheny力邀巴西的
打擊樂手Nana Vasconcelos和Armando Marcal為其sideman後，Pat Metheny Group在欲
表達繁複多采的節奏韻律上才能有所生動詮譯表現。
另擔綱其他jazz artists的sideman的巴西打擊樂手大致有：
Airto Moreira -- Chick Corea, Miles Davis, Paul Desmond, George Duke, Stan
Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Freddie Hubbard, Keith Jarrett, Weather Report, Wayne
Short；
Dom Um Romao -- Cannonball Adderley, Paul Horn,Weather Report；
Nana Vasconcelos -- Gato Barbieri, Don Cherry, Codona, Nana Simopoulos, John
Zorn；
Paulinho da Costa -- Miles Davis, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Joe
Pass, Lee Ritenour, David Sanborn, Diane Schuur, Stanley Turrentine；
Guilherme Fernandes -- Gato Barbieri, Keith Jarrett, Elvin Jones, McCoy
Tyner, Paul Winter；
Cafe -- Mark Egan, Herbie Mann；
Cyro Baptista -- Bill Frisell, John Zorn；
擔綱其他jazz artists的sideman的巴西吉他手大致有：
Oscar Castro Neves -- Ella Fitzgerald, Lee Ritenour, Paul Winter；
Laurindo Almeida -- Modern Jazz Quartet, Stan Getz, Charlie Byrd, L.A.4,
Anita O'Day, George Shearing, June Christy；
Egberto Gismonti -- Paul Horn, Charlie Haden；
Ricardo Silveira -- John Patitucci；
再者，除了巴西的bossa nova、choro、samba對jazz樂壇的啟發影響和蓬勃發展貢獻卓
著外，像是bolero、mambo、cha cha cha、son、calypso、highlife、juju、morna、
marabi、mbube等樂風均是被jazz artists廣泛採用的元素風格，這也就是為什麼會有
Brazilian jazz巴西爵士樂、Afro-Cuban jazz非洲-古巴爵士樂或者說Afro-Cuban
jazz即是一般所說的Latin jazz拉丁爵士樂、African jazz非洲爵士樂；但如果對巴西
音樂的bossa nova、choro、samba，或是拉丁音樂的bolero、mambo、cha cha cha、
son、calypso，或是非洲音樂的highlife、juju、morna、marabi、mbube沒有概念的
話，那麼對於聆賞爵士樂，就較難有一完整而深切的體認，亦少了一份探究源頭的樂趣
了。
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