以下四個佐證皆表示具有Kussmaul sigh
因此應建議皆給分
Libby:
Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed.
Precordial auscultation may reveal a systolic ejection murmur at the left
sternal border, an S3, and a delayed P2. An elevated JVP and Kussmaul sign
may also be present.
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Piccini & Nilsson: The Osler Medical Handbook, 2nd ed.
On physical examination.....
....In addition, Kussmaul sign, described as a paradoxical increase in jugular
venous pressure during inspiration caused by limited accommodation of volume
by a pressure-constricted right ventricle in late diastole, may be present.
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Ferri: Practical Guide to the Care of the Medical Patient, 7th ed.
c. Physical examination:
i. Jugular venous distention, Kussmaul's sign (increase in jugular
venous distention during inspiration due to increased venous return)
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Marx: Rosen's Emergency Medicine, 7th ed.
Kussmaul's Sign
This was described by Adolph Kussmaul as a paradoxical increase in venous
distention and pressure during inspiration.
This sign is usually observed in patients with constrictive pericarditis
but occasionally is observed in patients with effusive-constrictive
pericarditis and cardiac tamponade.
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