D 3大量失血時,身體透過許多機轉引起口渴而增加飲水量,以下何者是合理機轉?
A體液之osmolarity改變,活化下視丘之osmoreceptor而引發口渴
B血壓下降,活化位於心臟及血管壁之baroreceptor,最後訊號透過下視丘引發口渴
C增加renin之釋放,renin作用於下視丘引發口渴
D血液中angiotensin II的濃度增加,並作用於subfornical organ(位於diencephalon),最後訊號透過下視丘引發口渴
本題題幹是問"合理的機轉",並不是問"最關鍵的機轉",故選項之機轉只要在"大量失血時出現" 合理,該選項即符合題幹。
首先根據guyton, medical physiology 11th ed., p.361內容敘述可發現,summerizes some of the known stimuli for thirst.One of the most important is increased extracellular fluid osmolarity, which causes intracellular dehydration in the thirst centers.
可見選項A之機轉在身體中是最重要的,而其後之敘述 Decrease in extracellular fluid volume and arterial pressure "also" stimulate thirst by a pathway that is independent of the one stimulated by increased plasma osmolarity. thus, blood volume loss by hemorrhage stimulates thirst "even though(即使)" there "might(可能)" be no change in plasma osmolarity.This probably occurs because of neutral input from cardiopulmonary and systemic arterial baroreceptors in the circulation.
本篇課文在說除了一個最重要的osmolarity改變的機轉(A選項)以外,還有在大量失血時會出現的angiotensin2機轉(D選項)和baroreceptor機轉(B選項)。大量出血時,angiotensin2機轉在osmolarity機轉"即使""可能"不出現的狀況下,angiotensin2機轉會來影響渴覺之興奮。
故此angiotensin2機轉和osmolarity機轉是互相獨立(indipendent)、互不干擾的。既然兩者是互相獨立、互不干擾的話,大量失血時出現選項之機轉(體液之osmolarity改變,活化下視丘之osmoreceptor而引發口渴),是相當合理地。
本題建議(A)(B)(D)皆給分。
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