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後記︰
這首詩的靈感來自十七世紀法國畫家Claude Lorrain (1600-1682)的作品
《Landscape with Paris and Oenone (又名「涉渡」The Ford)》(1848)。
(http://www.wretch.cc/album/album.php?id=kamadevas&book=9)
(http://fr.wahooart.com/a55a04/w.nsf/OPRA/BRUE-7Z3NEL)
這是另一幅畫《Ulysses Returns Chryseis to her Father》的同尺寸姊
妹作(pendant) 。
(http://fr.wahooart.com/a55a04/w.nsf/Opra/BRUE-7Z3NFX)
由於我才疏學淺，一直找不到研究這幅畫的論文(也許有法國或歐陸的研究
我搜尋不到也看不懂)，所以只好自己大膽猜測，看圖說故事。
Claude Lorrain畫過不少一幅是港口海景、一幅是原野河景的姊妹作。將
兩幅畫放在一起考慮，《Landscape with Paris and Oenone》背景中的港口
與城堡，就是《Ulysses Returns Chryseis to her Father》中描繪的特洛
伊城繁華的碼頭。
希臘神話中特洛伊王子Paris誘拐斯巴達王妃Helen的故事眾所皆知，但Paris
在此之前尚有一位結髮妻子Oenone (或Oinone)，這段愛恨情仇就比較少受到
注意。由於Paris在出生時就有預言說他會帶來特洛伊的毀滅，所以他幼年遭
父母拋棄，被牧羊人收養，在Ida山牧羊時與山中的仙女(Nymph) Oenone結褵。
後在特洛伊戰爭中，Paris身中毒箭，只有Oenone有能力治療他的創傷，但
Oenone痛恨自己遭到拋棄，遂不顧Paris的垂死哀求，任其毒發身亡。
《Landscape with Paris and Oenone》右下角衣著華麗的男女顯然是男女主
角，兩人狀甚愉快地交談，所以應該是在Paris已被特洛伊宮廷重新接納，但
尚在出使斯巴達遇見海倫之前的時間點。Oenone背後站立一位亦著華服的持杖
侍女，我是理解為她手持Paris授命出使的權杖，這是Paris臨行前與Oenone
道別的畫面，而遠景海灣中的帆船則是暗示Paris將出帆遠航並回航帶來海倫
這個禍患。當然，那也可能只是牧羊杖，與驅趕牛羊涉渡的牧羊人一齊暗示
Paris曾經牧羊Ida山的出身。同時，牧羊人的隊伍，也引導觀眾沿著河流與山
路，朝著遠景的城堡的方向迂迴前進。
雖然畫面模糊，Paris腋下所夾的應該是一把華麗的雕弓，因為神話中Paris並
不英勇，但他射向希臘第一勇士Achilles虛弱的一箭卻在墜地前正中Achilles
的腳踝，誤打誤撞射死了一代英雄，而後自己也遭毒箭射死。
家畜或牛馬車涉水渡溪的畫面是西洋山水畫常見的主題之一，因為這是鄉間生
活中一個熱鬧的場景。不過在中國山水畫中，涉水渡溪的場景常常暗喻著「南
渡」與「逃難」。這幅畫中的牧羊人面無表情，且攜帶著包袱家當，令我感覺
也可能暗示著未來特洛伊戰爭爆發後，牧民舉家逃難的場景，就像畫面左側的
廢墟，似乎暗示著未來特洛伊城的毀滅。
畫面中央原野上幾個小人物十分模糊，要從Claude Lorrain的炭筆草稿才能看
出是兩個拉扯的人與一個趕驢車的人，不過我覺得西洋風景畫中這種遠方的小
人物才是最值得玩味的插曲，常常有許多類似「百工圖」的民俗風情素描。這
拉拉扯扯的兩人則使我聯想到黑澤明的電影《用心棒》(台譯︰大鏢客)中農夫
的兒子想出人頭地，在亂世中要去當賭場的打手，老父扯著他不斷勸阻的場景。
我的詩中岔開主題提到達文西的《蒙娜麗莎的微笑》，是因為該畫在西洋山水
畫的發展史佔了重要的地位。細看局部，我總懷疑達文西是不是有間接受到伊
斯蘭世界山水小景畫(miniature)的影響，若這樣也算是可以間接連結到中國
的山水畫。總覺得《蒙娜麗莎的微笑》與郭熙的《早春圖》在構圖上有異曲同
工之妙。
(http://www.wretch.cc/album/album.php?id=kamadevas&book=10)
最後再回到女主角Oenone身上，就像希伯來傳說中亞當的前妻Lilith一樣，
Oenone的形象也十分晦暗毒怨。公元前3-4世紀的詩人Quintus Smyrnaeus的
《Posthomerica》(續荷馬史詩)中，詳細刻畫了這段悲劇︰
他[Paris]抵達知名的Oinone的家時，他的樣子
嚇壞了Oinone與她的侍女們
他一下子就倒在他妻子的腳邊…(中略)
…皮膚與體內全都發黑，直滲
骨髓，受箭創的腹部血肉
因可怕的毒藥而遍生壞疽
He reached the home of famous Oinone. The sight of him
Astonished all her serving women, as it did
Oinone. Immediately he fell at the feet of his wife…
…All blackened on the surface and inside, right through
To the fatty marrow of the bone, the wounded flesh
Of his belly being gangrened by the dreadful poison.
Paris哀求道︰
「敬愛的夫人，請別，在我現在劇痛時，
因我先前棄妳獨守空閨而恨我
當時我身不由己。無可避免的命運
將我引向海倫。我真希望我上海倫的床前
早已在妳的臂彎中嚥下最後一口氣…(中略)
…至少別讓苦澀的嫉妒充斥妳的心中
而棄我不顧使我死得如此悲慘…(中略)
…快點，我的夫人，停止這邪惡的命運吧
就算我的花心愚行曾陷妳於不義。」
"Honored consort, do not, in my present anguish,
Hate me for having previously left you desolate
At home against my will. For inescapable Fates
Led me to Helen. I wish that before I shared her bed
I had breathed my dying breath in your arms…
…At least don't keep in mind your bitter jealousy
And abandon me to die a merciless death…
…Hurry, my lady, and stop the evil Fates,
Even though I did you wrong in my folly."
但Oenone斥責道︰
「你幹嘛還來見我，既然先前
你拋棄我獨自在家痛哭
去追求那禍害人的Tyndareus的女兒
她的床帶給你歡樂，你覺得她比你
結髮的妻子還要好，據說她還青春永駐
你快去哀求她吧，別對我
施展你的眼淚與悲慘故事來哀求
但願我有野獸般的心智與力量
能先撕你個皮開肉綻再舔舐你的鮮血
報復你任性的花心愚心對我造成的傷痛
你這混蛋，現在你頭戴王冠的愛之女神到哪去了？…(中略)
…你該在海倫的床上，日以繼夜
呻吟哀叫你那撕裂人的疼痛
直到她紓解你所有的痛苦」
"Why have you come to face me, whereas previously
You abandoned me at home to so mush bitter wailing
For the sake of Tyndareus' troublesome daughter, whose bed
Afforded you joy and pleasure, seeing that she's far better
Than your wedded wife and is rumored to be immortal?
Hurry to her with your entreaty; it isn't me
You must persuade with your tears and pitiful tale of woe.
I wish I had the heart and strength of a savage beast,
First to tear your flesh and then to lap your blood
For the way you made me suffer with your willful folly.
You wretch, where now are your fair-crowned goddess of love…
…Hers is the bed by which, both night and day, you need
To moan and groan in the distress of your piercing pain,
Until she gives you relief from all your suffering"
於是Paris被趕出門，死在Ida山︰
這樣說著她將哀叫的Paris趕出家門…(中略)
…Paris走過Ida山森林遍布的山巔
踏上步向他死亡的最後旅程
痛苦的顢頇而行五內聚焚…(中略)
…在回家見到海倫之前就死了。
With that she drove the groaning Paris from her doors…
…Paris made his way through the wooded heights of Ida
On that final journey where his doom was leading,
Limping painfully and inwardly tormented…
...Lost his life and didn't go home to be seen by Helen.
於是Ida山的仙女與牧人皆聚集悼念Paris︰
眾仙女圍繞著他放聲大哭
她們無疑回想起往日
他從小時候起就與她們相伴聊天
健步如飛的牧人們與她們同感哀痛
士氣大受打擊，他們的悲聲迴盪在溪谷中
He was surrounded by nymphs who wailing for him loudly,
Their minds no doubt recalling the time when he,
From earliest childhood, shared their company and talk.
Their lament was share by nimble-footed herdsmen
With stricken spirits. Their groans were echoed by the glens.
海倫聞訊趕來亦伏屍痛哭︰
海倫的哭訴誠然既冗長又大聲，
但她講給特洛伊人聽的是一套
自己心裡真正煩惱的又是另外一套︰
「我的丈夫啊，你對我、對特洛伊和對你自己都是災難
現在你的死使我陷入討厭的處境
接下來只會越來越糟糕…(中略)
…在無可名狀的恐怖與仇恨中我無處
可以遁逃。如果我投奔希臘人的軍隊
他們一定會強姦我。如果我留在此處
特洛伊的男男女女不久就會包圍我
把我撕成碎片。我的屍身無處埋葬
只會被野狗與鳥群吞噬…」
Helen's lament was long and loud indeed,
Though what she uttered for Trojan ears was different from what
Was troubling her heart, the following words addressed to herself:
"My husband, you were a curse to me, to Troy and yourself,
And now your miserable death has left me a loathsome
Position, where I can only look for worse to come…
…In unspeakable horror and hatred and I have nowhere
To escape to. If I flee to the Danaan army,
They will greet me with physical outrage. If I stay here,
The men and women of Troy will quickly encircle me
And tear me to pieces. My corpse will not be covered by earth,
But will be eaten by dogs and eager flocks of birds…."
但Oenone心中仍深愛著Paris，在家暗自為Paris垂淚︰
唯一在內心深處高貴的精神被撕裂的人
是Oinone，但她沒有隨別的特洛伊婦人們
表示她的哀悼，而是獨自在家中
躺在她前夫的床上劇烈地慟哭失聲…
The only one who was pierced to the depth of her noble spirit
Was Oinone. But not with the other women of Troy
Did she lament, but by herself in her own house
She lay intensely bemoaning the bed of her former husband…
最後Oenone深夜奔赴Paris的火葬場並縱身火堆殉死︰
她急忙來到山中其餘的仙女們
環繞Alexander (Paris的本名)屍體的悼念之地…(中略)
…她把他看個仔細，縱然悲痛卻一聲不吭
用她的長袍蓋住她美麗的臉龐
縱身躍入火葬堆，這使眾仙女哭得更大聲了
She came in haste to the place on the mountain where the rest
Of the nymphs lamented round the body of Alexander…
…Seeing him clearly, uttered no sound in spite of her grief,
Used her robe to cover her lovely face
And leapt upon the pyre, which made them all groan aloud.
死後兩人葬在一起，但墓碑背對背，在黃泉亦不相見︰
當火的毀壞力將他們燃燒盡淨
Oinone與Paris藏身於同一堆骨灰中
祭酒澆熄了火葬堆與他們的骨骸
雙雙被裝入同一個金瓶中。一座土塚
很快地推置起來，在其上立了一對
墓碑，背對著不同的方向
繼續著他們彼此間苦澀的怨懟
When and fire's destructive force had consumed them both,
Oinone and Paris, concealed in a single heap of ashes,
Wine was used to quench the pyre and then their bones
Were placed in a golden vessel. Over them a mound
Was quickly constructed, on top of which was set a pair
Of gravestones turned in opposite directions,
Preserving still the bitter enmity between them.
參見︰Quintus of Smyrna, Alan James, trans. & ed., The Trojan Epic
Posthomerica, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), pp.170-175.
--
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