[文法] 辭典中的time trial & time attack

[scju (QQ)]

大家好，請問一下

1.
在OALD9看到這樣的解釋：

time trial
noun
(in cycle racing and some other sports) a race in which the people who are
taking part race on their own in as fast a time as possible, instead of
racing against each other at the same time

https://goo.gl/JXuB6V


請問為何不是 ...taking part in race...呢？

======
2.
在Oxford Dictionary of English 3rd看到這樣的解釋：

time attack

Fencing
noun
An attack by means of which one may gain time on one's opponent, especially
one launched when he or she has only just begun to prepare an attack.

https://goo.gl/1W3o7j

想請教當中的兩個one和he or she代指的對象：

a. 'one may gain time'的one指「某人」(a person)---->這應該沒有疑問。
b. 'one launched'的one是同樣指「那個人」(a person)，還是指所發動的攻擊(an
attack)？
c. 'he or she'是指「那個人」(a person)，還是指那個人的對手(one's opponent)？

============

內容亦張貼於英語討論區https://goo.gl/uUMbfh，不過目前還沒有得到確切的答覆。

（更新：後來有位Roman55網友回應了大部分的問題，剩下問題c.)

以上請教各位，謝謝！

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※ 編輯: scju (111.251.42.131), 08/17/2017 18:31:13
→ kaifrankwind: 1. a race in which [(the people who are taking
→ kaifrankwind: part) race on their own...]
→ kaifrankwind: 前面 in which 的 in 就是 take part in 的 in
→ dunchee: 我猜你是在Roman的#6之後更新這篇的。他已經回答你了 --
→ dunchee: 原句即使是英文母語的人，遇到這種不熟悉內容背景的情況
→ dunchee: (... don't know much about fencing ... not very clear
→ dunchee: to a layman ...)仍是得"assume"。字典為了省空間得用最
→ dunchee: 少的字去表達(特別是你用的這本Oxford)，換句話說得犧牲
→ dunchee: 更詳細的內容描述，這種模糊性無法避免。也就是說你硬要
→ dunchee: 得到一個「明確的單一標準答案」本來就是....
感謝回應！
※ 編輯: scju (111.251.42.131), 08/20/2017 20:22:19