[新聞] 科學家計劃首次轉移易揮發的反物質

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1.媒體來源:

外媒

衛報 (The Guardian)

2.記者署名:

桑普爾（Ian Sample）

3.完整新聞標題:

Please drive carefully: scientists plan to transport volatile antimatter for
first time

請謹慎駕駛：科學家計劃首次轉移易揮發的反物質

4.完整新聞內文:

Please drive carefully: scientists plan to transport volatile antimatter for
first time

Cern researchers are testing traps capable of moving antimatter, which
explodes into energy as soon as it comes into contact with regular matter

請謹慎駕駛：科學家計劃首次轉移易揮發的反物質

歐洲核子研究中心的研究人員正在測試能夠移動反物質的陷阱，反物質一旦與普通物質接
觸就會爆炸並釋放能量。

When the truck pulls away from the building at Cern, the European particle
physics laboratory near Geneva, all eyes will be on its precious cargo, a
one-tonne device containing some of the most exotic material on Earth.

The 20-minute test run around the campus, pencilled in for later this month,
will mark the world’s first attempt to transport antimatter, a substance so
delicate that when it meets normal matter, both are consumed in a burst of
pure energy.

當卡車駛離位於日內瓦附近的歐洲核子研究中心（ CERN ）大樓時，所有人的目光都將聚
焦在其珍貴的貨物上，這是一個重達一噸的裝置，其中包含地球上一些最奇特的材料。

計劃於本月稍後在校園內進行的 20 分鐘測試運行，將標誌著世界上首次嘗試運輸反物質
。反物質是一種非常脆弱的物質，當它遇到普通物質時，兩者都會在純能量爆發中被消耗
掉。

To reach this moment has taken years. But if the test goes well – meaning
the truck returns with the antimatter intact – it will pave the way for Cern
to transport the material to other laboratories. In those facilities,
researchers will perform precision measurements in the hope of learning why
our universe is built from matter and not these bizarre mirror particles.

“A core question we want to understand is where did matter come from. And
then, if you know about antimatter, it’s natural to ask, why is that not
here? The process is not understood and we are hunting for clues as to why it
happened,” says Dr Christian Smorra, a physicist on the Baryon Antibaryon
Symmetry Experiment (Base) at Cern.

走到今天這一步，我們耗費了數年時間。但如果測試順利—也就是說，卡車能完好無損
地運回反物質—這將為歐洲核子研究中心（CERN）將這些材料運送到其他實驗室鋪平道
路。在這些實驗室裡，研究人員將進行精確測量，希望能揭開宇宙是由物質而非這些奇特
的鏡像粒子所構成的謎題。

「我們想要了解的核心問題是物質從何而來。然後，如果你了解反物質，很自然會問，為
什麼這裡沒有反物質？這個過程尚不為人知，我們正在尋找線索來解釋它發生的原因，」
歐洲核子研究中心重子反重子對稱性實驗（BASE）的物理學家克里斯蒂安·斯莫拉博士說
道。

Antimatter, a name that implies an almost ideological opposition to the
bedrock of our existence, is warmly embraced in science fiction. In Star
Trek, it powers the Enterprise’s warp drive and photon torpedoes. In Dan
Brown’s Angels and Demons, a canister containing a quarter of a gram of
antimatter is stolen from Cern in a plot to blow up the Vatican.

The reality is reassuringly mundane. Antimatter emitters are readily
available at supermarkets in the form of bananas, which emit antiparticles
through the radioactive decay of potassium. Sadly, they have limited value
for understanding the universe. The device on Cern’s truck will carry about
1,000 antimatter particles, weighing about a billionth of a trillionth of a
gram. Should the containment fail, and the antimatter make contact with
normal matter, the resulting pulse of energy would be so feeble, the load
doesn’t even warrant a radioactive label.

反物質，這個名字幾乎暗示著與我們存在基石的意識形態對立，卻在科幻作品中備受青睞
。在《星際爭霸戰》中，它為企業號的曲速引擎和光子魚雷提供動力。在丹布朗的小說《
天使與魔鬼》中，一個裝有四分之一克反物質的罐子從歐洲核子研究中心被盜，企圖炸毀
梵蒂岡。

現實情況令人欣慰地平淡無奇。反物質發射器在超市裡隨處可見，例如香蕉，它們會透過
鉀的放射性衰變釋放反粒子。可惜的是，它們對於理解宇宙的價值有限。歐洲核子研究中
心卡車上的裝置將攜帶約1000個反物質粒子，重量約為十億分之一克。即使密封失效，反
物質與普通物質接觸，產生的能量脈衝也極其微弱，以至於這批物質甚至無需貼上放射性
標籤。

Antimatter was first predicted in 1928 when the physicist Paul Dirac married
quantum theory, which describes the behaviour of subatomic particles, with
special relativity, Einstein’s theory of space and time. The work earned
Dirac a Nobel prize and described a universe in which every particle has a
corresponding antiparticle, identical but oppositely charged.


The first antimatter was detected four years later. Carl Anderson at the
California Institute of Technology spotted what turned out to be an
antielectron, or positron, tearing through an instrument that captured
particle showers unleashed by cosmic rays. He too won a Nobel prize for his
work.

反物質最早於1928年被預測，當時物理學家保羅·狄拉克將描述亞原子粒子行為的量子理
論與愛因斯坦的時空理論—狹義相對論—結合起來。這項工作為狄拉克贏得了諾貝爾
獎，並描述了一個宇宙，在這個宇宙中，每個粒子都有一個對應的反粒子，它們完全相同
但帶相反的電荷。

四年後，人們首次探測到了反物質。加州理工學院的卡爾安德森發現了一個反電子（或正
電子），它正穿過一個用於捕捉宇宙射線釋放的粒子簇射的儀器。他也因此項工作獲得了
諾貝爾獎。

Scientists have since confirmed the full panoply of antiparticles. Antimatter
versions of electrons, protons and neutrons can assemble into anti-atoms and
anti-molecules. In a different universe, anti-planets might be warmed by
anti-suns in shimmering anti-galaxies.

“If we were all made of antimatter and lived in a universe made entirely of
antimatter we wouldn’t notice any difference,” says Dr Jack Devlin, a Royal
Society university research fellow at Imperial College London. “What’s
strange is that somehow the laws of physics allow the existence of this stuff
that seems to behave in the same way as normal matter.”

科學家隨後證實了反粒子的全貌。電子、質子和中子的反物質版本可以組裝成反原子和反
分子。在另一個宇宙中，閃爍的反星系中，反行星或許會被反太陽加熱。

「如果我們都是由反物質構成的，生活在一個完全由反物質構成的宇宙中，我們不會感覺
到任何差別，」倫敦帝國學院皇家學會大學研究員傑克·德夫林博士說。 “奇怪的是，
物理定律似乎允許這種物質的存在，而它的行為方式看起來與普通物質並無二致。”

According to modern models of the universe, equal amounts of matter and
antimatter were created in the big bang. But what happened next? When matter
and antimatter meet, the particles convert directly into energy. So, why is
the cosmos not a sprawling expanse of energy?

“We seem to have ended up in a universe which is completely overwhelmed with
regular matter and has almost no antimatter in it at all, and that is the
heart of the mystery,” says Devlin.

根據現代宇宙模型，宇宙大爆炸中產生了等量的物質和反物質。但接下來發生了什麼事？
當物質和反物質相遇時，粒子會直接轉化為能量。那麼，為什麼宇宙不是一片廣闊無垠的
能量場呢？

德夫林說：“我們似乎最終進入了一個完全被普通物質所淹沒，幾乎沒有反物質的宇宙，
這就是謎團的核心。”

Subtle differences in matter and antimatter, which are already emerging, are
expected to explain how matter came to dominate, but uncovering them calls
for extremely precise comparisons of the particles’ properties. It also
requires a reliable supply of the material.

Enter Cern’s appropriately named Antimatter Factory. Researchers at the
facility smash high energy protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms, into a
dense metal target, creating showers of secondary particles. Among them are
antiprotons, which are steered into a decelerator, slowed down, and
ultimately captured in an antimatter trap.

But while the factory can produce antimatter, it’s not the best place for
precision measurements. The decelerator that slows the antiprotons to about
one tenth the speed of light uses powerful fields that make it impossible to
perform sensitive measurements nearby. Other laboratories could measure the
antimatter with 100 times more precision, researchers say.

物質和反物質之間的一些細微差異已經開始顯現，這些差異有望解釋物質如何佔據主導地
位，但要揭示這些差異，需要對粒子性質進行極其精確的比較。此外，還需要可靠的物質
供應。

歡迎來到歐洲核子研究中心（CERN）名副其實的反物質工廠。該設施的研究人員將高能量
質子（氫原子核）撞擊緻密金屬靶，產生大量次級粒子。其中就包括反質子，這些反質子
會被引導至減速器，速度減慢，最終被捕捉到反物質陷阱。

雖然這家工廠可以製造反物質，但它並非進行精密測量的最佳地點。用於將反質子減速至
光速十分之一左右的減速器會使用強大的磁場，這使得在附近進行靈敏的測量變得不可能
。研究人員表示，其他實驗室可以比這裡高100倍的精度測量反物質。

With a view to conducting such experiments, Smorra and his colleague, Stefan
Ulmer, are building a device to receive antiprotons at Heinrich Heine
University in Düsseldorf. To survive the trip from Cern, the antimatter 
would need to be contained for more than 10 hours: two for loading and 
unloading the trap and the rest for the 500-mile drive.

為了進行此類實驗，斯莫拉和他的同事斯特凡·烏爾默正在杜塞爾多夫的海因里希·海涅
大學建造一台接收反質子的裝置。為了確保反物質能夠從歐洲核子研究中心運送過來，它
們需要被密封超過10個小時：其中兩個小時用於裝卸反質子阱，其餘時間則用於500英里
的運輸。

The trap itself is a feat of engineering. It must hold antimatter in such a
way that it never comes into contact with normal matter. To do this, the
chamber is held under ultra-high vacuum, comparable to the emptiness of
interstellar space. It is cooled to -269C, causing any stray gas to freeze on
the chamber walls. Strong magnetic and electric fields are then used to hold
the antiprotons in the centre of the cryogenic chamber.

The fields are strong enough to hold the antimatter in place should the truck
hit bumps or brake sharply in transit. Perhaps the greatest threat to the
material is getting stuck in traffic and the power supply failing. For the
test run at Cern, the trap will be powered by batteries that last about four
hours. Longer trips will need a dedicated generator on board.

“If we ever want to do experiments with antiprotons somewhere else, we need
to get this on the road and that’s what we’re trying to do,” Smorra says.
“First of all we have to show we can move the antimatter and this is the big
milestone for us.”

這個陷阱本身就是一項工程奇蹟。它必須以一種特殊的方式捕捉反物質，使其永遠不會與
普通物質接觸。為了實現這一點，腔室被置於超高真空狀態，其真空度堪比星際空間。腔
室被冷卻至攝氏零下269度，使任何殘留氣體凍結在腔室壁上。然後，利用強磁場和強電
場將反質子束縛在低溫腔室的中心。

這些磁場強度足以在卡車行駛過程中遇到顛簸或急煞車時將反物質牢牢固定住。或許對反
物質最大的威脅是交通堵塞和電源故障。在歐洲核子研究中心進行的測試運作中，反物質
阱將由續航時間約四小時的電池供電。更長的行程則需要車載專用發電機。

「如果我們想在其他地方進行反質子實驗，就必須先把這個方案落實到位，而這正是我們
正在努力的方向，」斯莫拉說。 “首先，我們必須證明我們能夠移動反物質，這對我們
來說是一個重要的里程碑。”

5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等轉載媒體:

https://reurl.cc/V2329Y

6.備註:

沒事，大不了就一條街道消失地圖重劃。

https://youtu.be/T4O5LccxCDo?si=sydqguLUj6YfwuJS&t=380



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