[爆卦] 蠍子是大自然中最頂尖的鍊金大師

[STAV72 (刁民黨黨務主委)]

論文出處：

https://l.urusai.cc/oeS9s.jpg

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rsif/article/23/237/20250523/481493

Scorpions diverged from their closest relatives around the Ordovician Period,
and since then, environmental interactions have shaped the evolution of the
material properties of their exoskeletons. Hardening of this structure via
the incorporation of transition metals has enabled biomechanical advancements
in weapon development.

蝎子大約在奧陶紀時期與其近親分化，此後，環境相互作用塑造了其外骨骼材料特性的演
化。過渡金屬的摻入增強了這種結構的硬度，從而促進了武器生物力學的發展。

Scorpion weapons consist of the stinger (telson) and claws (chelae) and
contain diverse metals such as zinc, manganese and iron, though little is
known about comparative patterns of incorporation across the wider clade.

蝎子的武器由尾刺（尾節）和螯肢組成，含有鋅、錳和鐵等多種金屬，但人們對整個蝎子
進化分支中這些金屬的摻入模式知之甚少。

In this study, we harness X-ray-driven microanalytical techniques to
characterize the different elemental enrichment patterns within the weapons
of 18 species from a range of scorpion families.


在本研究中，我們利用X射線驅動的微分析技術，對來自不同蝎子科的18個物種的武器中
不同的元素富集模式進行了檢測。

We hypothesized that enrichment by metal would be inversely correlated
between weapons, tied to their functional roles and morphological diversity.
We identified cryptic enrichment strategies, including weapon-selective
elemental replacement and an inverse enrichment of Zn between weapons. Chela
enrichment by Zn was found to positively correlate with a morphological
indicator of chelae pinch strength, wherein Zn enrichment was greater in
specimens with reduced crushing power. This study supports a growing body of
research into the evolution of metal enrichment among invertebrates and
provides a greater understanding of the material properties of the
exoskeleton within weapon development.

我們假設不同武器的金屬富集程度呈負相關，這與其功能性和形態多樣性有關。我們發現
了一些隱藏的富集策略，包括武器選擇性的元素替換以及武器間鋅含量的負相關。研究發
現，螯肢鋅的富集程度與螯肢的捏力形態指標呈正相關，即捏力越弱的樣本，鋅的富集程
度越高。這項研究為無脊椎動物金屬富集演化的研究提供了支持，並加深了我們對武器研
發中外骨骼材料特性的理解。

The predominant incorporation of transition metals during sclerotization,
even in the earliest stages of life, has been shown as a driver of hardness
within the cuticle of chelicerates . Offering improved biomechanical
properties, the enhanced material allows for the development of sharper,
damage-resistant weapons such as fangs, aculei (needle-like envenoming
structure), ovipositors (tube structure to lay eggs) and chelae .

Termed ‘heavy element biomaterials’ or HEBs, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and
iron (Fe) are the most frequently observed elements appearing in enriched
cuticle as metal–ligand coordinated bonds .

An association between HEBs and lighter elements, including calcium (Ca) and
chlorine (Cl), has also been reported .

即使在生命早期階段，硬化過程中過渡金屬的大量摻入也已被證實是螯肢動物角質層硬度
的主要驅動因素。這種增強的材料具有更優異的生物力學性能，使其能夠發育出更
鋒利、更耐損傷的武器，例如毒牙、刺突（針狀毒刺結構）、產卵管（用於產卵的管狀結
構）和螯肢。

鋅（Zn）、錳（Mn）和鐵（Fe）是富集角質層中最常見的元素，它們以金屬-配體配位鍵
的形式存在，被稱為「重元素生物材料」（HEBs）。

也有報告指出，HEBs與鈣（Ca）和氯（Cl）等較輕元素存在關聯。

Given the diversity of arthropods, with over a million species described and
an estimated 2–6 million total , there remains much to learn about
cuticular metal enrichment.

While metal enrichment has been demonstrated to
be widely observed across Arthropoda , study in this topic has only
occurred in a handful of species. Thus, we still know very little about how
it is evolving within and between different groups. It is likely that a lack
of study, as opposed to the absence of enrichment, is a determining factor in
this observation.


The ancient terrestrialization of Myriapoda, Hexapoda and
Arachnida between the Cambrian and Silurian Periods appears to be the
driving factor in the emergence of cuticular HEB enrichment in arthropods.
Alternatively, the majority of marine Mandibulata employ biomineralization by
the more abundant calcium, in the form of calcium carbonate.

Exceptions can be found, including metal enrichment in copepods ,
which are marine or aquatic, and a total absence of observable enrichment in
mites (Parasitoformes/Acariformes) .

 Although current sampling to date has been limited compared with known total
organismal diversity, the presence of enrichment across distant lineages is
considered a strong example of convergent evolution and has led to a rapidly
growing field of interest .

鑑於節肢動物的多樣性，已描述的物種超過一百萬種，估計總數在200萬至600萬之間
，我們對表皮金屬富集仍知之甚少。雖然金屬富集已被證實廣泛存在於節肢動物，但
對此的研究僅限於少數物種。


因此，我們對不同類群內部和類群之間金屬富集的演化過程仍然知之甚少。研究的缺乏，
而非富集現象的缺失，很可能是造成此現象的決定性因素。

寒武紀至志留紀期間，多足綱、六足綱和蛛形綱的古老陸生化似乎是節肢
動物表皮高能生物富集（HEB）出現的主要驅動因素。另一方面，大多數海洋有顎類動物
則利用更豐富的鈣（以碳酸鈣的形式）進行生物礦化。

例外情況也存在，例如橈足類動物（海洋或水生生物）中金屬富集以及蟎類（寄蟎目/
蜱蟎目）中完全未觀察到金屬富集。

儘管迄今為止的採樣與已知的生物多樣性總量相比仍然有限，但遠緣譜系中金屬富集現象
被認為是趨同進化的一個有力例證，並已催生出一個迅速發展的研究領域。





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劉德華 悟 電影【新少林寺】主題曲        https://youtu.be/dLRLWy7bKS4
作曲：趙欽 作詞：劉德華                 《金剛總持祈請文》
編曲：Adam Lee．飾墜．陳德建    蔣巴桑波 (第七世噶瑪巴確扎嘉措之根本上師) 著
監製：陳德建．李安修    不要把金王冠織入鳥巢中  招惹微風與獵槍是不明智的
        依常斷見所立宗  能壞慧命因緣法  精勤十善一夜盡  縱生天人多闡提

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→ GKKR: 五樓天蠍座
推 Yefim618: 嗯，跟我理解的一樣
→ t2134563: 史加納：
推 yam30336: 蠍子很帥但基本上是蜘蛛手下敗將
推 yulunyeh: 翻得好爛喔 哪個ai
噓 tearness: 摸偷~康霸~~~
→ ArSaBuLu: 下一步:淬火附魔
推 inshadow: 鱗角腹足蝸牛:有我自己生產硫化鐵強?
→ STAV72: 那是耐用度強化 陸生動物要的配件多太多了
→ STAV72: 鋼捲鑄造跟武士刀冶製基本上也領域分化了
推 xeins: 水晶戰蠍
→ LightWorker: 所以不可能靠演化的，進化論是錯的
推 holybless: 魔蠍大帝 巨石強森
推 NEDYA: 這中文...