標題: Huawei Frightens Europe's Data Protectors. America Does, Too
( 除了華為，美國也讓歐洲數據保護者恐懼 )
新聞來源: Bloomberg 原文 https://goo.gl/BFcGJK
(括弧內為我的翻譯)
A foreign power with possible unbridled access to Europe’s data is causing
alarm in the region. No, it’s not China. It’s the U.S.
( 一股可以無限制地讀取歐洲數據的外國勢力在該地區引起警剔。不，這不是中國。這是
美國。 )
As the U.S. pushes ahead with the “Cloud Act” it enacted about a year ago,
Europe is scrambling to curb its reach. Under the act, all U.S. cloud service
providers from Microsoft and IBM to Amazon -- when ordered -- have to provide
American authorities data stored on their servers regardless of where it’s
housed. With those providers controlling much of the cloud market in Europe,
the act could potentially give the U.S. the right to access information on
large swaths of the region’s people and companies.
( 隨著美國推進大約一年前制定的“雲法案”(CLOUD Act) 時，歐洲正在努力遏制其影響
力。根據該法案，從微軟和IBM到亞馬遜的所有美國雲服務提供商 - 在美國法庭判令下
- 都必須向美國當局提供存儲在其服務器上的數據，無論服務器位於何處。由於這些提
供商控制著歐洲的大部分雲市場，該法案可能會使美國有權獲取該地區大部分個人和公司
的信息。)
The U.S. says the act is aimed at aiding investigations. Some people are
drawing parallels between the legislation and the National Intelligence Law
that China put in place in 2017 requiring all its organizations and citizens
to assist authorities with access to information. The Chinese law, which the
U.S. says is a tool for espionage, is cited by President Donald Trump’s
administration as a reason to avoid doing business with companies like Huawei
Technologies Co.
( 美國表示，該法案旨在協助調查。有些人將該法案與2017年中國製定的“國家情報法”
(National Intelligence Law) 相提並論，即要求所有組織和公民協助當局獲取信息。美
國稱此中國法律是一種間諜工具。唐納德川普總統的行政部門認為這是避免與華為公司做
生意的理由。)
“I don’t mean to compare U.S. and Chinese laws, because obviously they aren
’t the same, but what we see is that on both sides, Chinese and American,
there is clearly a push to have extraterritorial access to data,” Laure de
la Raudiere, a French lawmaker who co-heads a parliamentary cyber-security
and sovereignty group, said in an interview. “This must be a wake up call
for Europe to accelerate its own, sovereign offer in the data sector.”
(“我並不是要比較美國和中國的法律，因為它們不完全一樣，但我們看到的是，無論是
中國還是美國，雙方顯然都有域外存取數據的動機，” 法國議員 Laure de la Raudiere
是議會網絡安全和主權小組的聯合負責人，他在接受采訪時這樣表示。 “這必將喚醒歐
洲加速其在數據領域中的主權提議。”)
Matters of espionage and foreign interference will be at the center of talks
at Europe’s biggest telecoms and technology conference, the MWC Barcelona,
that started Monday.
( 在周一開始的歐洲最大的電信和技術會議MWC Barcelona中，間諜活動和外國干涉問題
將成為會談的焦點。 )
Irish Case
( 愛爾蘭案例 )
The Cloud Act (or the “Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act”)
addresses an issue that came up when Microsoft in 2013 refused to provide the
FBI access to a server in Ireland in a drug-trafficking investigation, saying
it couldn’t be compelled to produce data stored outside the U.S.
(“雲法案”（或“Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act”）解決了2013年出
現的一個問題：微軟在販毒調查中拒絕聯邦調查局讀取位於愛爾蘭的服務器，稱其不能被
迫交出存儲在美國境外的數據。)
The act’s extraterritoriality spooks the European Union -- an issue that’s
become more acute as trans-Atlantic relations fray and the bloc sees the U.S.
under Trump as an increasingly unreliable ally.
( 該法案的域外管轄權令歐盟感到不安。隨著跨大西洋夥伴關係的緊張，這個問題變得更
加尖銳。歐盟認為川普治下的美國是一個越來越不可靠的盟友。)
Europe may seek to mitigate the impact of the law by drawing on a provision
in the act that allows the U.S. to reach “executive agreements” with
countries allowing a mutual exchange of information and data. The European
Commission wants the EU to enter into talks with the U.S., and negotiations
may start this spring.
(歐洲可以尋求一些方法來減輕此法律的影響，像是動用法案中的條款與美國達成“執行
協議”，允許成員國和美國間相互交換信息和數據。歐盟委員會希望歐盟與美國進行談判
，可能從今年春天開始。)
EU Action
( 歐盟的行動 )
France and other EU countries like The Netherlands and Belgium are pushing
for the bloc to present a common front as they struggle to come up with
regulations to protect privacy, avert cyber attacks and secure critical
networks in the increasingly amorphous world of information in the cloud.
( 法國和其他歐盟國家，如荷蘭和比利時，正在推動該集團形成共同戰線。他們正在努力
制定法規來保護隱私，避免網絡攻擊，並在日益增大的信息雲世界中保護關鍵網絡。)
A Dutch lawmaker at the European Parliament, Sophie in ’t Veld, recently
expressed frustration at what she called the EU’s “enormous weakness” in
the face of the U.S.’s “unlimited data hunger.”
( 歐洲議會的一位荷蘭議員Sophie in ’t Veld，最近對歐盟面對美國“對數據無止境的
饑渴”時“出奇的軟弱”表示沮喪。)
“Because of the Cloud Act, the long arm of the American authorities reaches
European citizens, contradicting all EU law,” she said. “Would the
Americans accept it if the EU would grant itself extraterritorial
jurisdiction on U.S. soil? And would the Commission also propose negotiations
with Russia or China, if they would adopt their own Russian or Chinese Cloud
Act?"
(“由於雲法案，美國當局的長臂伸向歐洲公民，違反了所有歐盟法律，”她說。 “如果
歐盟在美國的土地上認可其域外管轄權，美國人會接受嗎？如果俄羅斯或中國也要採用他
們自己的雲法案，委員會是否也提議與他們協商呢？”)
An internal memo crafted by the French government in November states that “
the Cloud Act could be a test from the U.S., and they expect a political
response, which ought to be European to be strong enough.”
( 法國政府去年11月制定的一份內部備忘錄稱，“雲法案可能是來自美國的一種試探，他
們期待政治上的回應，而我們應該做出以歐洲人為主並且足夠強大的回應。”)
French Response
(法國回應)
The Cloud Act was enacted just weeks ahead of Europe’s data-protection law,
the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which states that all
businesses that collect data from EU citizens have to follow the bloc’s
rules, which could put the two laws at odds.
( 雲法案是在歐洲數據保護法 (GDPR)之前幾週頒布的。GDPR 規定所有從歐盟公民那裡收
集數據的企業必須遵守歐盟的規則，這可能會使這兩項法律不一致。 )
While waiting for the EU to get its response together, some countries are
preparing their own, with the French leading the pack. President Emmanuel
Macron’s teams are readying legal and technical measures to shield the
country, four government officials involved said. The president’s office,
the finance ministry and the state’s cyber security agency ANSSI have worked
on it for the last 10 months.
( 在等待歐盟共同回應的同時，一些國家正在做自己的準備，以法國為首。四名政府官員
表示，總統馬克龍的團隊正準備採取法律和技術措施來保護國家。總統辦公室，財政部和
國家網絡安全機構ANSSI在過去10個月裡一直在努力。)
“The more we dig into the Cloud Act, the more worrying it is,” said ANSSI
chief Guillaume Poupard. “It’s a way for the U.S. to enter into
negotiations... but it has an immediate extraterritorial effect that’s
unbearable.”
(“我們越是深入研究雲法案，就越擔心它，”ANSSI主管Guillaume Poupard說道。 “這
是美國從事談判的一種方式......但它具有直接的域外效力，令人無法忍受。”)
Not OK
( 不OK )
The French government has held meetings with banks, defense contractors,
energy utilities and others, asking them to use “Cloud Act-safe” data
providers. It’s also studying legal options, a finance ministry official
said. One way might be to refresh a 1968 “Blocking Statute,” which
prohibits French companies and citizens from providing “economic,
commercial, industrial, financial, or technical documents or information” as
evidence in legal proceedings outside the country.
( 法國政府與銀行，國防承包商，能源公用事業和其他機構舉行了會議，要求他們使用“
無雲法案風險”的數據提供商。財政部官員表示，它還在研究其它的法律選擇。一種方法
可能是更新1968年的“封鎖法規”，該法規禁止法國公司和公民在國外的法律訴訟中提供
“經濟，商業，工業，金融或技術文件或信息”作為證據。 )
“No one can accept that a foreign government, even the American one, can
come fetch data on companies stored by a U.S. company, without warning and
without us being able to respond,” Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said in a
speech on Feb. 18.
(“沒有人能夠接受外國政府，即便是美國政府，在沒有任何預警或我們無法回應的情況
下，獲取法國公司儲存在美國公司的數據”，財政部長Bruno Le Maire在2月的一次演講
中表示。 )
France has been more vociferous in its opposition to the Cloud Act because
its companies have borne the brunt of other extraterritorial U.S. laws. In
2014, BNP was slapped with an $8.97 billion U.S. fine for transactions with
countries facing American sanctions. French oil company Total SA walked away
from a $4.8 billion project in Iran after Trump pulled out of its nuclear
deal.
( 法國在反對“雲法案”方面更加強烈，因為其公司們在美國域外管轄的法律中首當其衝
。 2014年，法國巴黎銀行因涉及與美國制裁的國家進行交易被罰款89.7億美元。在川普
退出核協議後，法國石油公司Total SA 從伊朗48億美元的項目中被迫退出。 )
Local Providers
(當地供應商)
One consequence of the Cloud Act is that European companies and organizations
will start looking for local alternatives. Europe’s phone operators, many of
whom are already being steered away from Huawei, see the act making providers
from the U.S. a threat, too.
( 雲法案的一個後果是歐洲公司和組織將開始尋找當地的替代方案。許多正在遠離華為的
歐洲的電話運營商，認為雲法案使美國提供商也成為一種威脅。 )
“On the one hand you have this Chinese expansion and on the other these new
U.S. rules are putting American companies at the mercy of the administration,
” Gervais Pellissier, deputy chief executive officer of Orange SA, told
reporters on Thursday in Paris. “The hardware bricks are either American or
Chinese. We need to now find a software layer to deal with the situation.”
(“一方面，你有中國的擴張，另一方面，美國的新規則正在使美國公司受到政府的支配
，”Orange SA的副首席執行官Gervais Pellissier週四在巴黎對記者說。 “硬體組件不
是來自美國就是中國。我們現在需要找到一個軟件層來處理這種情況。”)
Local cloud providers are using the Cloud Act and GDPR in their sales
pitches. French company Atos is telling customers it’ll keep their
most-sensitive data physically on servers in Europe. It struck a deal with
Google to safeguard client data.
OVH Groupe SAS, presenting itself as a Europe-grown rival to Amazon’s cloud
business, is growing sales 30 percent a year and making profit running data
centers in Europe.
“We can guarantee our customers the sovereignty of their data, which is
more than Amazon or other rivals can offer,” Founder and CEO Octave Klaba
told reporters in October.
( 本地雲提供商正在其銷售宣傳中提及Cloud Act和GDPR。法國公司Atos告訴客戶，它將
把他們最敏感的數據保存在歐洲的服務器上。它與谷歌達成協議，以保護客戶數據。
OVH Groupe SAS作為歐洲本土的亞馬遜雲業務競爭對手，每年銷售額增長30％，並在歐洲
運營數據中心。“我們可以保證我們的客戶對其數據的主權，這比亞馬遜或其他競爭對手
所能提供的更多，”創始人兼首席執行官Octave Klaba在10月份告訴記者。 )
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