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戴爾美語練功坊 雅思閱讀解析(03/30)
IELTS Reading - Spider Silk
Spider Silk
Spider silk is not a single, unique material --- different species produce
Various kinds of silk. Some possess as many as seven distinct kinds of
glands, each of which produces a different silk.
Why so many kinds of silk? Each kind plays particular roles.
All spiders make so-called dragline silk that functions in part as a lifeline,
enabling the creatures to hang from ceilings.
And it serves as a constant connection to the web, facilitating quick escapes
from danger. Dragline silk also forms the radial spokes of the web;
bridgeline silk is the first strand, by which the web hangs from its support ;
yet another silk forms the great spiral.
The different silks have unique physical properties such as strength
and elasticity, but all are very strong compared to other natural and
synthetic materials. Dragline silk combines toughness and strength to an
extraordinary degree. A dragline strand is
several times stronger than steel, on a weight-for-weight basis,
but a spider's dragline is only about one-tenth the diameter of a human hair.
The movie Spider-Man drastically underestimates the strength of silk ---
real dragline silk would not need to be nearly as thick as the strands
deployed by the web-swinging hero in the movie.
Dragline silk is a composite material comprised of two different proteins,
each
containing three types of regions with distinct properties. One of these
forms an amorphous (non-crystalline) matrix that is stretchable, giving
the silk elasticity. When an insect strikes the web, the stretching of the
matrix enables the web to absorb the kinetic energy of the insect's flight.
Embedded in the amorphous portions of both proteins are two kinds of
crystalline regions that toughen the silk. Although both kinds of
crystalline regions are tightly pleated and resist stretching, one of them
is rigid. It is thought that the pleats of the less rigid crystals not only
fit
into the pleats in the rigid crystals but that they also interact with the
amorphous areas in the proteins, thus anchoring the rigid crystals to
the matrix. The resulting composite is strong, tough, and yet elastic.
Then, why doesn't a spider get stuck on its own web? Over the years,
three explanations for this phenomenon have surfaced. The first invokes
an oil, secreted by the spider, that serves as an anti-stick agent.
The problem with this hypothesis is that such an oil hasn't been
discovered yet.
The second scenario is based on the diversity of silks. Many webs include
strands made of silks that are much less sticky than the others are.
The non-sticky strands appear in the hub of the web, the radial spokes and
the threads by which the web hangs from plants or other supports.
Some researchers have thus posited that the arachnids use only these strands
when navigating their webs. If you watch them in action, however,
you will see that although they do seem to prefer the non-sticky strands,
the spiders are able to move around freely, toughing many of the strands,
including the very sticky ones that spiral out from the hub.
The third explanation appears to solve the sticky-strand problem.
In short, the legs of at least some spiders feature a disengaging mechanism
that enables the arachnid to detach itself instantly from a sticky strand.
This mechanism involves a clever anatomical adaptation.
Each leg ends in a pair of " walking claws " that grasp vegetation,
among other functions, but a third claw collaborates with associated spiny,
elastic hairs to detach the leg from a sticky web strand. This third claw
grasps the strand, pulls it against the elastic hairs, and pulls them further,
cocking the mechanism. When the claw relaxes, the hairs rebound
vigorously, throwing the strand away and springing the leg free.
Police, the military, physicians, and other groups are eager to obtain large
quantities of dragline silk, which can be woven or compacted to
make bulletproof clothing, replacement ligaments, medical sutures,
fishing line, ropes for rock climbers, tethers to snag planes landing on
aircraft carriers and myriad other products. It is impracticable to harvest
sufficient quantities of silk from spiders due to their territorial nature, so
biotechnologists have turned to other sources. The Canadian company
Nexia has demonstrated that goats and cows can be genetically engineered
so as to produce dragline silk in their milk. Using a clone of such goats,
Nexia aims to produce a modified dragline silk, which they call BioSteel,
to meet the many demands.
Questions 1-2
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS
from the passage and write your answer in the spaced numbered 1-2
on your answer sheet.
1. Which organ of spiders produces silk?
………
2. What kind of silk helps spiders to escape from danger?
………
Questions 3-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given
in the reading passage? In boxes 3-6 on your answer sheet write
True --- if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
False --- if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
Not Given --- if this information is not given in the passage
3. The spider discharges an oil to avoid sticking on its own web.
4. The spider uses only non-sticky strands when moving on the web.
5. Bridgeline silk belongs to non-sticky strands.
6. BioSteel is a biotechnological name for spiders' dragline silk.
Answers:
1. 根據本文, 蜘蛛哪個器官會產生絲?
原文定位第一段 ---- Some possess as many as seven distinct kinds of
glands, each of which produces a different silk.
答案填寫 glands.
2. 哪種蜘蛛絲幫助牠逃離危險?
關鍵字詞為 escape danger ----本文第二段
All spiders make so-called dragline silk that functions in part as a ifeline,
enabling the creatures to hang from ceilings. And it serves as a constant
connection to the web, facilitating quick escapes from danger.
由原文進行定位第四句, 提及代名詞 " it " , 充當與蜘蛛網之
連結關係.此時, 再往前回推敲it 為所指的為 dragline silk .
3. 蜘蛛會分泌/ 流出一種油使其避免黏著於自己之蜘蛛網.
本題屬於篇章事實判斷題 --- 文章第五段主要探討為何蜘蛛本身
不會遭受自蜘蛛網之黏著牽絆. 原文定位 ---
Over the years, three explanations for this phenomenon have surfaced.
The first invokes an oil, secreted by the spider, that serves as an anti-
stick
agent. The problem with this hypothesis is that such an oil hasn't been
discovered yet.
原文已提到蜘蛛會分泌一種油充當防黏濟. 然而, 後又說明此種論述
僅是假設點, 因為此種油未曾在蜘蛛身上發現.本題務必留意, 因文章
敘述未找到油, 意味存在或不存在尚未知, 不可寫 False.
答案為 --- NOT GIVEN.
4. 當蜘蛛在網上移動時, 牠僅使用 non-sticky strands.
關鍵詞 moving on the web / non-sticky strands.
文章第六段--- The non-sticky strands appear in the hub of the web,
the radial spokes and the threads by which the web hangs from plants or
other supports. Some researchers have thus posited that the arachnids use
only these strands when navigating their webs. If you watch them in
action, however, you will see that although they do seem to prefer the
non-sticky strands, the spiders are able to move around freely,
toughing many of the strands, including the very sticky ones that spiral out
from the hub.
有些研究人員假設之 arachnids (蜘蛛), 當蜘蛛在網上移動時,
牠僅使用non-sticky strands, 不過後續提出相反之論調, 雖說蜘蛛較
喜愛用 non-sticky strands , 但是蜘蛛得以自由行走於網上, 還包含
別的線 strands.因此答案為 FALSE.
5. Bridge silk 屬於 non-sticky strands (不黏著線).
定位第二段--- Dragline silk also forms the radial spokes of the web;
bridgeline silk is the first strand, by which the web hangs from its support ;
yet another silk forms the great spiral. Bridgeline 絲是蜘蛛所吐之
第一條線, 藉此蜘蛛懸掛以支持之身體.而non-sticky strands 之訊息出
於文章第六段 The non-sticky strands appear in the hub of the web,
the radial spokes and the threads by which the web hangs from plants or
other supports.non-sticky strands 出現於蜘蛛網之中心處, 外圍為放射
輪輻狀, 藉由此線得以懸掛時獲得支撐.答案為TRUE .
6. BioSteel 乃為蜘蛛dragline silk 之生物科技之名.
文章尾段--- The Canadian company Nexia has demonstrated that goats
and cows can be genetically engineered so as to produce dragline silk in
their milk. Using a clone of such goats, Nexia aims to produce a modified
dragline silk, which they call BioSteel, to meet the many demands.
加拿大一家公司Nexia 利用牛與羊透過基因工程之方式以便製造出
dragline silk. 而使用複製羊以產生改良後之 dragline silk.
判讀出題目之敘述與文章論點差異.答案為 FALSE.
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