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推 SCROIX : The Lancaster House Treaties (2010) 04/18 22:46
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→ cwjchris : 覆的部份引用就好了 04/19 04:27
2月初的新聞：
http://tinyurl.com/jrnujwn
HNLMS Karel Doorman給德國海軍指揮
德國那個海兵（大概類似臺灣海巡特遣隊）給荷軍指揮
會自2018開始
荷軍18輛坦克給德軍第一裝甲師指揮，德軍則移一個裝甲營給荷軍
大概在2019年開始
這個比較像是盟軍的概念，納入單一指揮鍊，目的是追求從基層單位的合作模式
而不是像德荷部隊或德法部隊那種儀式性的滿漢共治，特別是德荷部隊
底下單位來自多達12個國家，根本來聯誼的
不過這些都還在北約架構之下的小孩遊戲就是了，要玩法國英國這種成人的還早
※ 引述《ggeneration (於夜空之中歌唱)》之銘言：
: ※ [本文轉錄自 Gossiping 看板 #1N4wLsaH ]
: 作者: Howard61313 (尼可拉斯Kaiji) 看板: Gossiping
: 標題: [新聞] 美媒：德國接管荷蘭陸軍
: 時間: Sun Apr 17 23:02:08 2016
: 其實美媒的標題不夠全面啦
: 這篇雖然提到荷蘭陸軍的作戰部隊併入德國陸軍
: 但德國海軍一個步兵營也交給荷蘭海軍管了
: =============================================================================
: 德國接管荷蘭陸軍
: Germany Is Taking Over the Dutch Army
: https://goo.gl/hdZBRo 《費城號角報》 2016年4月14日
: 荷蘭軍的大部份部隊在一項萬眾期待、於全歐陸推動的過程裡併到德國陸軍之內。荷軍
: 三個戰鬥旅中即有兩旅正式展開了加入德國聯邦國防軍的程序。
: Huge portions of the Dutch military are being merged with the German Army, a
: process that many want to see rolled out across the whole Continent. Two of
: the Netherland’s three combat brigades have officially begun the process of
: joining the Bundeswehr.
: 2014年時，荷軍第11空中機動旅交由德方指揮，而第43機械化旅也在3月17日正式成為
: 德軍第1裝甲師所屬部隊。現在荷蘭陸軍麾下自有的部隊僅剩第13機械化旅、特戰部隊
: 、支援部隊和陸軍總部參謀人員。
: The 11th Airmobile Brigade came under German command in 2014. Then on March
: 17, the 43rd Mechanized Brigade officially became part of the German 1st
: Armored Division. The Dutch Army now has only the 13th Mechanized Brigade,
: plus special forces, support and headquarters staff under its own command.
: 這不僅對荷蘭而言是革命性變更，對歐洲及世界亦然，其替一支德國領導的新軍隊舖平
: 了道路。
: This is a revolutionary change, not just for the Netherlands, but for Europe
: and, in time, the world. It is paving the way for a newly capable German-led
: military force.
: 多國部隊組建的過程中，已有太多門面功夫能夠輕易掩飾已發生之事，但荷蘭與德國並
: 不只是進行訓練演習。荷蘭皇家陸軍司令馬特·德·克魯伊夫中將便稱這次合作「舉世
: 獨特，在方法上如此，在我們整併的層級上也如此」。
: There have been so many token efforts at forming multinational forces that it
: is easy to gloss over what has just happened. But the Dutch aren’t just
: doing training maneuvers with Germany. Lt. Gen. Mart de Kruif, commander of
: the Royal Netherlands Army, called the collaboration “unique in the world,
: both in the way and the level in which we integrate.”
: 他所言甚是。其他多國部隊的規模都小了許多。德荷1軍或許是最高階的軍事合作之一
: ，但其編員僅有400人，包括文職人員。兵力5千人的法德旅自1987年起即已存在，但
: 其每次參戰時，都會分拆到其所屬國家的陸軍內──2014年時，該旅的部份部隊終於
: 一起部署到馬利去。
: He’s right. Other multinational forces are on a much smaller scale. The
: German-Dutch Corps is probably one of the most advanced military
: collaborations, but it is only 400 strong, including civilian personnel. The
: 5,000-strong Franco-German brigade has existed since 1987. But every time it
: has gone to war, it has been divided into its separate, national armies—
: parts of the brigade were finally deployed together to Mali in 2014.
: 但荷蘭這次卻是將其快速反應部隊和唯一的坦克部隊派到德國。
: But this time, the Netherlands is committing its fast-response forces and its
: only tank unit to Germany.
: 兩國還把夥伴關係擴大到海上。德國與荷蘭將會共用荷蘭海軍最大、造價最貴的卡雷
: 爾·多爾曼艦，該艦的設計目的包含了多種角色，但最重要的一項在於運送陸上部隊
: 。其可載運重型裝備、有空間可供直升機停放。專司海軍護衛、除雷和登艦，隊員達
: 800名的德國海軍營（註：陸戰營）將會併入荷蘭海軍之下。兩國還對於將德軍一支防
: 空隊併入荷軍單位下的方案進行調查。
: The two nations are also extending this partnership to the sea. Germany and
: the Netherlands will share the Dutch Navy’s largest and most expensive ship,
: the Karel Doorman. The ship is designed to play a few roles, but most
: importantly, it can transport and land troops. It can land heavy equipment
: and has space for helicopters. The German sea battalion—about 800 soldiers
: specializing in naval protection, mine-clearance and boarding ships—will be
: absorbed into the Dutch Navy. And the two countries are examining having a
: German air defense unit join a Dutch unit.
: 這些協定幫助德國快速擴展軍隊戰力，而荷蘭則精簡了成本。直到最近為止，德軍原本
: 設計目的僅有一個──防止俄羅斯入侵中歐，但不包括對於多處灘頭的攻擊，因此德軍
: 實質上沒有任何兩棲登陸能力。既然德國陸軍現在正考慮橫跨地中海執行勤務，其便亟
: 需此類能力。
: These deals help Germany quickly expand the capability of its military, while
: the Dutch cut costs. Until recently, the German military was designed with
: one purpose—to prevent Russia from invading central Europe. That doesn’t
: involve storming many beaches, so Germany didn’t have any real amphibious
: landing capability. Now that the German Army is considering military missions
: across the Mediterranean, it needs this kind of capability quickly.
: 與此同時，卡雷爾·多爾曼艦則由於過度昂貴，使荷蘭無法加以善用。因此德國幫助荷
: 蘭付錢，而迅速地顯著擴張了德國的兩棲登陸能力。
: Meanwhile the Karel Doorman was so expensive that the Dutch haven’t been
: able to use it properly. So the Germans help the Dutch pay for it, and the
: Germans get an instant and dramatic expansion of their amphibious landing
: capabilities.
: 由荷方觀點來看，這種金錢限制成了每場德荷合作背後的原因。其軍費已從經濟產值的
: 2.5%降到1.2%。2011年時的荷蘭陸軍汰除了麾下所有的坦克，在那之後，該國決定仍要
: 擁有坦克，但又不想花錢去養。因此荷蘭的決策是：讓德國指揮荷軍的坦克營，總比沒
: 有配坦克還好。
: From the Dutch point of view, this kind of money constraint has been the
: reason behind all their cooperation with Germany. Their military spending has
: fallen from around 2.5 percent of their economic output to 1.2 percent. Back
: in 2011, the Dutch Army phased out all its tanks. Since then, they’ve
: decided they still need tanks, but they don’t want to pay for them. So the
: Dutch have decided that having their tank battalion commanded by Germany is
: better than having no tanks at all.
: 由於德軍海軍營歸給荷蘭指揮，因此這場合作朝雙向都進行了一定程度──雖然德國已
: 確定是較大的一方。縱使如此，荷軍轄下的德軍部隊若是未獲德國國會批准，就將無法
: 實施部署。德國憲法法庭裁決稱，德軍只有在聯邦國會准許後才可調遣，駐在外軍當中
: 的德軍部隊同樣適用。
: The German Sea Battalion is under Dutch command, so this cooperation goes
: both ways to a certain extent—though it is clear Germany is the senior
: partner. Even so, the German troops commanded by the Netherlands will be
: unable to deploy without the approval of the German parliament. Germany’s
: constitutional court has ruled that the German military can only be deployed
: with the permission of the Bundestag. This applies to German units stationed
: in other forces.
: 德國《薩克森日報》寫道：「先前的每場合作中，均同意將部隊行動繼續交由國家機構
: 和程序的檢查來管制」「例如，德國海軍的海軍營只有在聯邦國會批准之後，才能加入
: 荷蘭海軍的部署行動」（費城號角報全文翻譯）
: “In all previous collaborations was agreed that troops operations continue
: to be subject to checks by the national institutions and procedures,” wrote
: Sachsische Zeitung. “The Sea Battalion of the German Navy could thus be
: involved, for example, only after approval of the Bundestag on a foreign
: deployment of the Dutch Navy” (Trumpet translation throughout).
: 德國僅將這場前所未有的合作視為開端而已，其也開始準備與波蘭建立類似協議。捷克
: 共和國已數次要求德方進行與現在荷蘭類似的協議──該國也想要將其一支裝甲旅併到
: 德國陸軍裡面。
: Germany sees this unprecedented cooperation as only the start. It has begun
: preparations for similar arrangements with Poland. The Czech Republic has
: asked Germany several times for a similar arrangement to what the Dutch now
: have—it also wants one of its armored brigades absorbed into the German Army.
: 德國國防部長烏蘇拉·馮德萊恩表示她想要藉此方式建立一支歐洲軍。2月時她曾宣布
: 「我們將在明年組建一個多國裝甲師」。
: German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen said she wants to build a
: European army this way. In February she announced, “We will set up a
: multinational panzer division next year.”
: 德國《世界報》稱「這將會建立一支現役人員超過2萬之眾的部隊，在2021年將可投入行
: 動──其將成為歐洲軍的核心」。
: “This should create a unit with up to 20,000 active soldiers, which should
: be operational by 2021—which would be the nucleus of a European army,”
: wrote Die Welt.
: 馮德萊恩部長在2月時稱他們的合作為「建立歐洲防務聯盟的首要典範」。戴特·瓦內克
: 中將（註：德國陸軍總監）則在演講上將荷德軍事合夥列舉為一項在歐洲各軍間深化合
: 併的模範。
: In February, von der Leyen called their cooperation a “prime example for the
: building of a European defense union.” Last month, Lt. Gen. Dieter Warnecke
: gave a speech where he held up the Dutch-German military partnership as a
: model for deeper integration among all European armies.
: 德國媒體也見到了此事。《世界報》即對該議題刊登了標題為「歐洲軍實驗室」的文章
: ，此外尚有另一篇文章叫做「馮德萊恩正在推動歐洲軍」。
: The German press sees this too. “Laboratory for an EU Army” was Die Welt’s
: title for an article on this subject. It had another article titled “How von
: der Leyen Is Driving the European Army.”
: 該報稱「馮德萊恩與亨尼斯-普拉斯哈特[荷蘭國防大臣]正在她們於阿姆斯特丹建立歐盟
: 軍的道路上扮演開拓者的角色」。
: It wrote, “Von der Leyen and [Dutch Defense Minister Jeanine]
: Hennis-Plasschaert were playing the role of pioneers on their way to an EU
: army in Amsterdam.”
: 德國打從一開始，對歐洲軍作為雙邊合作終極目標的此一事實就不做守密。《號角報》
: 稱其可溯至2013年，德國國防機構在當時即以明確表達了該計畫。歐洲軍的建軍工作總
: 以失敗收場，因此德國採取了新方法，其將與數國構築深度軍事關係，最終則有更多國
: 加入合作，直到歐洲軍核心形成。
: Right from the start, Germany made no secret of the fact that a European army
: is the ultimate goal of this bilateral cooperation. The Trumpet described
: this thinking back in 2013. Even back then, the plan had been clearly
: articulated by Germany’s defense establishment. Efforts to create a European
: army had consistently failed. So Germany was taking a new approach. It would
: form deep military relationships with just a few countries. Gradually more
: nations would be added to this cooperation, until the nucleus of a European
: army was formed.
: 本報表示「如果德國能證明其與荷蘭、波蘭的整合奏效──並能藉此省下大筆金錢──
: 那其他國家也會想要加入。一旦柏林將更多國家拉到陣線上，該計畫的規模也會變得很
: 大」「其結果將是一支歐洲軍，或是一個合作緊密、以德國為中心的軍事集團」。
: “If Germany can prove that integration can work with the Netherlands and
: Poland—and they can save a lot of money doing so—other nations will want
: in. Once Berlin brings a few more countries on line, this project will gain
: critical mass,” we wrote. “The result would be an EU army, or a very
: closely coordinated group of armies, centered on Germany.”
: 該過程伴隨著德國正在籌畫的多國裝甲師，以良好狀態進行當中。
: With Germany planning a multinational panzer division, this process is well
: under way.
: 其大幅述說了德國在歐立場，稱該國──而非法、義或任何歐陸國家──將會是這次歐
: 洲軍推動過程的中心。更重要的是，它亦大幅說明了德國的雄心。
: It says a lot about Germany’s position in Europe that it—not France, Italy
: or any of the Continent’s other powers—is at the center of this push for a
: European army. More importantly, it says a lot about Germany’s ambitions.
: 德國的經濟主導地位表示，任何種類的歐洲軍都將由德國主宰。喬治．弗列德曼（註：
: 地緣政治學家）撰文鼓吹德法攜手進行防務合作時，寫道：
: Germany’s economic dominance means that just about any kind of European army
: will be dominated by Germany. Writing on France’s calls for Germany and
: France to work together on defense, George Friedman wrote:
: 依國防預算進行合作、各國以其經濟規模付出貢獻，將意味著德國同時會是歐洲領頭的
: 經濟和軍事強權。德國在歐盟各國間拔得頭籌，大規模軍事部隊的創建將會讓這點更加
: 確定」。
: Collaborating on defense budgets, with each nation contributing based on
: economic size, would mean that Germany would be both the leading economic and
: military power in Europe. Within the EU, Germany is first among equals.
: Creating a substantial military force would cement that.
: 一個堪足派出強大軍隊、獨立於美國之外的崛起歐洲將會成為21世紀至今最大的地緣政
: 治事件，使全球權力平衡發生革命性改變。歐洲已對外展示，其願意使用可觀的經濟力
: 量來抗衡美國利益──例如在亞投行一案中與中國並肩對抗美方。而有了強大軍力後，
: 歐洲行事的獨立程度還會再增加多少？
: The rise of a Europe capable of fielding a powerful military force,
: independent from the United States, would be one of the biggest geopolitical
: events of the 21st century so far, revolutionizing the balance of power
: around the world. Europe has already shown that it’s willing to use its
: considerable economic power against U.S. interests—siding with China against
: the U.S., for example, in the case of the Asian Infrastructure and Investment
: Bank. How much more independently would it behave with a powerful military?
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