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課程名稱︰邏輯 課程性質︰通識A4 課程教師︰傅皓政 開課學院: 開課系所︰ 考試日期(年月日)︰2017/11/06 考試時限(分鐘):90 試題 : 一、請建構命題邏輯語言(提示:包括符號與形構規則兩個部分)。(10%)   (Construct a suitable language for propositional logic. Hint: two parts   involved, alphabets and formation rules) 二、請判斷下列陳述的真假,並且分別以T與F代表「真」與「假」。(10%)   (Please judge the following statements which are true or false. Notice,   please use the symbols "T" and "F" which stand for true and false   statements respectively.)   _ 1. 結論是矛盾句的論證可能是有效論證。   _ 2. 前提出現矛盾句的論證一定是有效論證。   _ 3. 前提與結論一致的論證可能是有效論證。   _ 4. 前提實際上為假而且結論實際上為真的論證一定是有效論證。   _ 5. 前提不可能全部為真的論證可能是無效論證。   _ 6. 有效論證中至少必須有一個前提實際上為真。   _ 7. 前提實際上為真而且結論實際上為假的論證可能是有效論證。   _ 8. 前提與結論都是偶真句的論證可能是有效論證。   _ 9. 前提與結論不一致的論證一定是有效論證。   _ 10. 前提與結論實際上為假的論證一定是無效論證。 三、請判斷下列句式哪些是恆真句、矛盾句或者是偶真句。你可以使用任何學過的方法,   包括真值表法、簡易真值表法或真值樹法,必須列出演算過程。(15%)   (Using some method (e.g. truth table, short-cut or tableaux system) shows   that each of the following formulae is tautology, contradiction, or   indeterminate formula. Computational process is required.)   (a) D → ((C Λ D) → D)   (b) ┐(H → G) Λ ┐(G → H)   (c) (K → (L → M)) → ((K → L) Λ (K → M)) 四、請判斷下列各題中的兩個句式之間是蘊涵或是等值關係。如果是蘊涵關係,以φ╞ψ   表示;若為等值關係,則以╞φ←→ψ表示,必須列出演算過程。(15%)   (Using some methods determine the semantic relation between the following   formulae. If the entailment relation holds then show them of the form   φ╞ψ. On the other hand, show them of the form ╞φ←→ψ if they are   equivalent. Computational process is required.)   (a) M V (N → N) ; M V N   (b) (P Λ Q) V (Q Λ R) ; (┐P Λ ┐Q) V (┐Q Λ ┐R)   (c) ┐(┐A Λ ┐B) ; ┐B → A 五、請寫出等值於真值表中語句φ的DNF及CNF。(10%)   (Find out the DNF and CNF each which is equivalent to the following   formulae φ.)   (a)            (b)   ┌─┬─┬─┬─┐     ┌─┬─┬─┬─┐   │L│M│N│φ│     │G│H│K│φ│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │T│T│T│T│     │T│T│T│T│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │T│T│F│F│     │T│T│F│T│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │T│F│T│T│     │T│F│T│F│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │T│F│F│F│     │T│F│F│T│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │F│T│T│F│     │F│T│T│F│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │F│T│F│T│     │F│T│F│F│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │F│F│T│T│     │F│F│T│T│   ├─┼─┼─┼─┤     ├─┼─┼─┼─┤   │F│F│F│F│     │F│F│F│T│   └─┴─┴─┴─┘     └─┴─┴─┴─┘ 六、請以真值樹法證明下列語法序列是否為有效論證,若為無效論證請顯示其反例結構。   (20%)   (Please use tableaux system to prove whether each of the following   argument is valid. And specify a counterexample if it is invalid.)   (a) (Q V ┐P) → ┐R ; (P Λ Q) → R ├ (Q Λ R) → ┐P   (b) K → L ; K V (L ←→ K) ├ ┐K 七、請完成下列演算,作答時須連同題目寫在答案卷上。(10%)   (Please complete the following proofs. Notice: you should copy the whole   questions on your answer sheet.)   (a) 證明 ├ ┐A → (A → B)    (1) (┐B → ┐A) → (A → B) _______________    (2) ((┐B → ┐A) → (A → B)) →     (┐A → ((┐B → ┐A) → (A → B))) _______________    (3) ┐A → ((┐B → ┐A) → (A → B)) _______________    (4) (┐A → ((┐B → ┐A) → (A → B))) →     ((┐A → (┐B → ┐A)) → (┐A → (A → B))) _______________    (5) (┐A → (┐B → ┐A)) → (┐A → (A → B)) _______________    (6) ┐A → (┐B → ┐A) _______________    (7) ┐A → (A → B) _______________   (b) 證明 ┐┐K ├ K    (1) ┐┐K _______________    (2) ┐┐K → (┐┐┐┐K → ┐┐K) _______________    (3) ┐┐┐┐K → ┐┐K _______________    (4) (┐┐┐┐K → ┐┐K) → (┐K → ┐┐┐K) _______________    (5) ┐K → ┐┐┐K _______________    (6) (┐K → ┐┐┐K) → (┐┐K → K) _______________    (7) ┐┐K → K _______________    (8) K _______________ 八、古典邏輯的語意學有三個預設,其中的真值函映原則設定古典邏輯的運算符號都必須   是真值函映的運算符號,然而實際上有很多運算符號是非真值函映的運算符號,請舉   一個實例說明非真值函映的運算符號。(10%)   (There are three important postulates of the semantics of the classic   logic, one of them is the so-called the principle of truth-functionality.   Nonetheless we have many non-truth functional operators in our ordinary   language. Please take an non-truth functional operator to illustrate.) Appendix: Rules of inference 命題邏輯公理系統(propositional logic axiomatic system) 公理(axioms): (A1) φ → (ψ → φ) (A2) (φ → (ψ → θ)) → ((φ → ψ) → (φ → θ)) (A3) (┐φ → ┐ψ) → (ψ → φ) 推論規則(rule of inference): (MP) 從 φ 和(φ → ψ)成立,可以推論出 ψ 成立。 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 114.36.224.71 ※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/NTU-Exam/M.1510072230.A.4D7.html
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