推 earnest :推！ 04/11 01:57
推 kuakuakua :推！ 04/11 03:14
推 NYandLA :push~ 04/11 08:35
推 messfang :謝謝Rosa! 04/11 17:27
推 silenceblue :還真的考出來 感恩 04/12 13:39
大家深夜好！我是Rosa，這次又來分享4/12的J2 TOEFL機經獨立寫作小範圍題目擬答。
練作文時，是不是常常覺得例子不知道如何寫？怎麼寫算是"具體"？是不是會有種解釋
不完的慌張感，覺得例子好像要一直補detail衝字數不知道要多少字才算是解釋清楚，
可以換下個段落了？
這其實是因為你使用了中文思維去寫英文作文，你會發現很多時候結果是你一直鬼打牆，
似乎重複說明同一件事情，又有點心虛，不知道是否有解釋清楚。
當你使用中文思維時，你很難聚焦，你不知道到底是要解釋原因、還是原因的原因還是
原因的結果，寫到最後，連你自己都有點搞混了。
因此，請同學好好練習並且熟悉英文邏輯吧！
不只在閱讀與聽力能夠懂他們要表達的邏輯，因此能夠拿高分，在口說作文方面，
也能夠因為清楚表達對方期望的邏輯，對方容易理解、被說服，因此拿高分。
就如同David提過的，請同學在練習口說以及作文時，注重你的邏輯，使用對母語者比較
直接的英文邏輯去解釋你的理由，才能讓rater輕易看懂。
在此引述David的話，『請注重「聽的人會有什麼感覺」？因為，我們說，好的答案有千
百種， 可是好的答案「都有一種共同的感覺」，那就是清楚，舒服。』
同理可證，滿分作文一樣有千百種，但共同的特性都是給讀者一種清楚、被說服的感覺。
想要擁有清楚的邏輯，就必須要好好審題。
請同學在審題時，先抓出Who?，意即對象是誰？
What?，做什麼？
然後從Who的特質出發，再去想依照這些特質，會做出什麼選擇。
這樣的邏輯適用於生活中。請習慣這邏輯。
舉個生活化的例子。
你朋友約你晚上十點去立法院。你是否應該答應？
Who?是你，What?是和朋友去立法院。
這時候先想一下Who，也就是自己的特質，
假如你想到的是懶惰，喜歡十二點前躺平，那就會自然的推導到決定不去。
假如你想到的是愛冒險，熱血，那就會自然的導向當然要跟！整夜都要睡在那裡！
這樣大家懂了嗎？
寫作其實不難，只要好好使用口說一二題的邏輯，就可以了。
Step 1: 先從題目裡找出Who?以及What?
Step 2:再想三個Who不同的特質，讓這三個特質都導向What的其中一個選擇。
Step 3:想好concept map了之後，再下筆。
同學不妨用以下六題測試看看，建議先自己擬過concept map
(包含你的opinion以及三個理由)再看以下的參考答案。
切忌不要用背的，這樣做理由不會是你的，寫作時仍然很容易卡住。
大家加油！
1. Agree or disagree: compared to hiring famous teachers, the school should
focus on improving facilities such as libraries and computer labs.
20110415NA
Keyword: school=>hiring famous teachers or improving facilities
Agree:
a. Schools want to improve the quality of learning for students and hiring
famous teachers can effectively enhance students' learning experience.
For example, when schools invite well-known professors such as Simon Sinek to
give a lecture, students are all ears and actively participate throughout the
whole lecture, often asking questions and giving comments. As a result,
students benefit from high-quality class participation.
b. Schools are also primarily concerned about potential students, and they want
to attract as many students as possible. Therefore, they should definitely
hire famous teachers. For instance, studies show that students tend to consider
teachers the most important factor when deciding which school to enroll in.
Furthermore, students are most interested in famous teachers. That is, they
wish to sign up for their classes and have chances to learn all throughout the
school year. On the other hand, research indicates that the equipment such as
computers, books, are one of the last criteria students consider when choosing
a school. Apparently, hiring famous teachers can successfully attract more
students for schools.
c. Schools are also generally inefficient and it is much more convenient for
them to hire famous professors than improve the equipment. Take my own
experience as an example, when my department had some budget, it would contact
teachers by mail, negotiate the details and make the deal. On the contrary, if
the department wants to improve the equipment, it has to change the whole
hardware system, teach faculty members and students to use the new system, and
solve potential problems related to the new equipment. As a result, schools
should choose to hire famous teachers because it is much simpler to do so.
2. Agree or disagree: The food we ate in the past is healthier than the food today.
20100108CN = 20091211NA
Keyword: food we ate=>healthier in the past or today
Agree:
a. The food we ate in the past contained more nutrition so it was much
healthier. For instance, according to academic researches, food nowadays
contain much less nutrition than food 50 years ago due to the repeat usage of
the land. In the past, vegetables contain a lot of nutrition and it is enough
for people to absorb the nutrition through eating them. However, nowadays,
eating vegetables alone does not satisfy peoples' need for nutrition. That is,
people have to acquire additional nutrition from all kinds of vitamins.
Apparently, food we ate before is much more nutritious.
b. The food we ate before was also less polluted. Therefore, it was healthier
than food we eat nowadays. For example, farmers do not use that much chemical
substances during production. In other words, they prefer to keep vegetables
as natural as possible. On the contrary, when modern farmers are in the field,
they utilize a variety of herbicides and pesticides which remain in the crops.
Furthermore, the entire environment also severely pollutes the food we eat
today. To be more specific, the water the farmers use for irrigation contains
a lot of undetected chemicals which stays in the crops.
c. Food we eat nowadays contain a lot of additives during the process of
cooking to make it taste better. Therefore, it is less healthier than the food
before. Take my experience as an example. When I was small, the bread my
grandmother gave me does not contain much additional substance and thus is not
sweet at all. On the contrary, nowadays the bread we usually buy contains tons
of sugar. The pretty macarons we see in window displays look delicious because
they are coated with a heavy layer of color additive. The lunch boxes and
dumplings we get at convenience store are full of chemical preservatives to
make them last longer. All these factors mentioned above proves that food we
eat nowadays contain much more additional unhealthy substances than the food
we ate in the past.
3. It is easier for parents to raise children now than 50 years ago. 20110925CN
Keyword: parents=>easier to raise children now
托福很愛考這種比較時間前後發生變化的題目。可以先想像一下now跟before的差別，
now多了什麼？可能想到了internet, social networking, technology, 等。再去試著
想三個現在的改變會造成對於who:parents做what:raise children的影響。三個理由基本
上會是change+effect的方式。
Agree:
a. Since medical advancement has excelled to a new height nowadays, parents do
not need to worry about children suffering from fatal diseases. For example,
50 years ago, a lot of children died prematurely not only because of incurable
illnesses but also because of common sicknesses such as diarrhea, cholera and
polio. On the other hand, modern parents make sure that their children be
given vaccine immediately after birth, thus immeasurably decreasing the risk
of lethal infections. Furthermore, new development in medical science nowadays
also helps develop medicine that can heal children in shorter time and with
lower cost.
b. Due to the development of food technology, it is easier for parents in
modern times to provide enough nutrition for their children. For instance, in
the past, undernourishment was a common problem. Children simply did not get
enough to eat. On the contrary, Nowadays there are an abundance of food to
choose from. Agricultural advancements also produces rich food which contains a variety of necessary nutrition. Therefore, children who are diagnosed with lack of nutrition are considered rare cases at
medical institutions. In addition, if any newborn seems a bit undernourished,
he will be fed additional specially-designed milk and other formulations to
improve his or her health. Apparently, thanks to more nutritious food, it is
easier for parents nowadays to raise their children.
c. When it comes to raising children, internet also plays a significant role in
the lives of modern parents. On one hand, internet provides modern parents
with infinite information and timely help. Take my personal experience as an
example. In the past, my grandparents have to rely on themselves when a
child breaks into a serious fever at midnight. Yet, my parents can quickly
turn to the internet and search for the possible solutions before seeking
professional medical help. On the other hand, internet helps parents keep an
eye on their children. To be more specific, in the past, parents cannot be
sure of their child's whereabouts or doings unless they confront him or her.
However, in modern society, parents can log in to the social networking
accounts of their children, such as Facebook, LINE, Whatsapp, etc. and have
some idea of their children's recent interest or thoughts.
4. Which has a larger influence on the society: Automobiles or airplanes?
Keyword: society=>influence automobiles, airplanes
比較題是托福很愛考的題目，A跟B比較，A跟沒有A比較，以前跟現在的比較、現在跟
未來的比較，一樣先從題目的who開始想，對象是誰？再想what?做什麼事？
a. Unlike airplanes, the automobile created mobility on a scale never known
before. Take Taiwan as an instance, in the days of horse-drawn transportation,
the practical limit of wagon travel was 10 to 15 miles, so that meant any
community or individual farm more than 15 miles from a city, a railroad, or
a navigable waterway was isolated from the mainstream of economic and social
life. On the contrary, motor vehicles and paved roads have narrowed the gap
between rural and urban life. Farmers can ship easily and economically by
truck and can drive to town when it is convenient. In addition, such
institutions as regional schools and hospitals are now accessible by bus and
car. The mobility of airplanes, on the other hand, are greatly limited to
the scope of airports.
b. Automobiles significantly change the infrastructure of modern cities. For in
stance, prior to the appearance of the automobile, horses, walking and
streetcars were the major modes of transportation. Horse-driven carriages and
people carrying bags of good were often seen on the streets. On the other hand,
after the automobile was introduced, people can easily see a newly developing
physical system of roads, streets, highways, and service and storage facilities.
Apparently, airplanes do not possess as large an influence on cities as
automobiles.
c. People utilize automobiles much more often than airplanes. Therefore, they
possess a more prominent role in modern society than airplanes. For example,
nowadays, almost every family own at least a vehicle. During the week, people
go to and from work by car. On weekends, people go on family trips by car.
On the other hand, people only take the plane for faraway trips or business
once in a while.
5. For a business to be successful, more money must be put in advertising. 20130125NA
keyword: successful business=> advertising
Agree:
a. In order to be successful, a business should have a strong brand name,
which is often built up through advertising. For example, McDonalds racked up
$963 million in ad spend last year. As a result, it is one of the strongest
brands in the world. That is, even toddlers are able to recognize that big
yellow 'M,' and the word itself is synonymous with fast food and burgers.
b. Loyal consumers play an indispensable role in successful businesses.
Therefore, businesses should definitely invest more money in advertising.
Take Apple for an instance. Due to good advertising, Apple sends a strong
message to people who lead a busy lifestyle, enjoy a good social status, and
earn good salary. Hence, as a well-know saying goes, "Once an Apple user,
there is simply no going back." In other words, loyal consumers usually
adore Apple products and purchase iPhones, iPads, and Macbooks.
c. When a business wishes to be successful, it should also make its products
well-known. That is, advertising can educate the customers on product usages
through repeat exposure. For instance, FarEastone, a famous local
telecommunication company, spends millions of NT dollars on TV advertising.
Furthermore, the ads place emphasis on being able to reach family members who
live far away for free. Thus, when people want to talk to their families
living abroad, they immediately think of the products FarEastone offer.
6. Technology designed to make people's lives simpler actually often turns out
to make people's lives more complicated. 20100926CN
Keyword: technology =>simpler, more complicated
Agree:
a. Technology actually deprives people nowadays of their free time. For example,
in the past, after work, people can enjoy all their free time. On the other
hand, in modern society, after work, people are often harassed continuously by
their bosses through line, whatsapp, Facebook, etc.
b. Technology creates more misunderstandings. For instance, before people used
to meet face to face and talk directly about their problems. As a result,
every emotion and movement is crystal clear. On the contrary, nowadays people
mostly use line or other apps to communicate, usually only sending one or two
cute emotion icons to express their mood. Thus, by using technology, people
might easily misunderstand the real intention of their friends and family.
c. People tend to rely too much on technology, resulting in more complicated
problems. Take my own experience as an example. In the past, I don't use
computers or cell phones much. Therefore, when my laptop breaks down, I do not
sweat. However, nowadays, I literally freak out when my mobile goes dead
because I depend too much on these modern technological devices.
Disagree:
a. Technology makes our lives much more convenient.
舉科技幫忙節省時間的例子。
b. Technology solves a lot of our daily problems.
迷路時可以直接看google map，很快抵達目的地。
c. Technology makes it easier to stay in touch with others.
透過科技，與朋友隨時保持連絡，更新近況。
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