Re: [請益] tpo10閱讀第三篇 seventeenth

[snark (影燕)]

※ 引述《saucy (Elevator)》之銘言：
: 最後一段
: 8.
: The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion
: of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels
: from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage,
: trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased
: credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy
: merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation
: (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial
: cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking,
: joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the
: investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the
: company
: 題目是
這題真的是好問題  可以有很多討論


大部分的解答都會告訴你用排除法
to states
表示 states是接受funds  而不是source of funds

___________________________________________________________
但是大家真正有問題的是在
Unlike short-term financial cooperation
這到底是不是source 呢


還有前一句Moreover an increased
credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy
merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation
(the first major company began in 1600).
你是怎麼解讀那三個by 的呢？


: According to paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to
: finance economic expansion EXCEPT
: 1.groups of investors engaged in short-term financial cooperation
: the
: 2. state
: 3.wealthy merchants
: 4.joint-stock companies
: 想問為何答案是2
: 看起來是1的相關性較小阿


以下我隨便從手邊的檔案抽出來的翻譯
大家就不用追究是哪個版本了　有可能是舊版的　新版的已經改過了


1. 黃金閱讀
此外，銀行和富商向政府提供投資和接待加上英國的一項革新--
股份制公司（第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年）都增加了貸款的供給。


{ok我知道文勇打錯字了　是　借貸　不是　接待}


2. 康老師
 不僅如此，投資，政府向銀行家和商人的借貸以及一項英國的革新--股份制公司
（第一家主要的股份制公司始於1600 年）都增加了貸款的供應。


3. 某某網站
另外，增加的貸款供應額來自國內的銀行家、富商，
以及股份制合夥企業（英國的一項革新，第一家這種大公司始於1600年）的投資和貸款。


翻得全部都不一樣
顯然有問題


___________________________________________________


Ａ有些人可能這樣讀

Moreover an increased credit supply was generated
by investments and loans
by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and
by joint-stock partnerships
這樣的並列嗎?  那就少了個逗號", "

這樣的句子應該寫
Moreover an increased credit supply was generated
by investments and loans, by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships
但是有點奇怪　因為這三項並不相等

increased credit supply was generated　by （手段　方法）

但是明顯的bankers and wealthy merchants是人　不是方法


--------------------------------------------------


也可能有人這樣讀

Moreover an increased credit supply was generated 　　　
　　by investments and loans
    　　　by bankers and wealthy merchants
       　　　to states
 and by joint-stock partnerships


（這就接近文勇的翻譯）
by investments and loans　和　by joint-stock partnerships
當成手段　方法


________________________________________________


最後
Moreover an increased credit supply was generated
by investments and loans
    　　by bankers and wealthy merchants
       　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　to states
     and by joint-stock partnerships

就會形成第三種翻譯

在此by investments and loans　是　狀語　修飾前方的動詞


另外兩個by 則是　定語　它們是　用來限制　修飾　名詞
也就是（investments and loans）


我個人看來
by bankers and wealthy merchants　to states
是修飾loans 前一段也有說過　這時期的銀行功能是借政府錢

by joint-stock partnerships
是一種新的吸引investments　的方式


同時bankers and wealthy merchants　是人
joint-stock partnerships　感覺上比較接近　法人

所以用and 連接起來　修飾前兩個名詞

-------------------------------------------------------------

所以　groups of investors engaged 　其實是　joint-stock partnerships
存在之前的制度　　

我個人解讀　他們可能包含　bankers and wealthy merchants
所以Ａ　應該算是對的　不能被排除

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors
           for a single commercial undertaking，

       joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital

           by drawing on the investments of merchants
                                        and other investors
                                           who purchased shares in the company.


大家應該都明明白這裡的差異點之一是時間
short-term VS permanent funding

但是也注意另一的不同
for a single commercial undertaking


注意原題目問的是 increased credit supply
不是問funds 如何增加

注意credit 的定義
Credit (from Latin credere translation. "to believe")
is the trust which allows one party to provide money
or resources to another party where that second party does
not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt),
but instead arranges either to repay or return those resources
(or other materials of equal value) at a later date.
信用貸款 就是可以借錢 不用馬上還

financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking
就包含前一段的早期銀行只承做對於政府的借貸 (有點像是公債)
雖然還錢的時間沒有在文中說明  可能並非短期  但是這錢只借給單一用途



相反的股份制度 可以把募集的資金用在任何營運有關的地方
可以買廠房 可以買原料  甚至是併購其他企業
因此在做不同的商業活動時並不需要重新簽約 或募集資金





歡迎大家討論


--
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※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/TOEFL_iBT/M.1427430500.A.664.html
推 saucy: 感謝! 很清楚
推 wayland: 哇 其實我只有看到Unlike~Permanent就直接選state了
→ wayland: 因為用定位法的話只會看到這一句 不會看到前面credit那句
→ wayland: 然後我感覺(?)unlike的語意是針對時間長短 而非有無(都)
→ wayland: 所以前面出現的金融合作和後面出現的股票跟商人都是對的
→ wayland: 只有國家的概念完全沒出現 所以就是它了(??)
推 Basah: 推
推 earnest: 感謝snark!
※ 編輯: snark (156.111.111.200), 03/27/2015 19:52:39